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States of Consciousness

States of Consciousness. Modules 17 - 19. Waking Consciousness. Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environments Biological Rhythms Circadian Rhythm the biological clock. Sleep and Dreams. REM ( R apid E ye M ovement) Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams

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States of Consciousness

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  1. States of Consciousness Modules 17 - 19

  2. Waking Consciousness • Consciousness • our awareness of ourselves and our environments • Biological Rhythms • Circadian Rhythm • the biological clock

  3. Sleep and Dreams • REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep • recurring sleep stage • vivid dreams • “paradoxical sleep” • Sleep • periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

  4. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages • Alpha Waves • slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain • Delta Waves • large, slow waves of deep sleep • Hallucinations • false sensory experiences

  5. Awake Sleep stages 1 2 3 REM 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hours of sleep Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep

  6. Sleep Deprivation • Effects of Sleep Loss • fatigue • impaired concentration • depressed immune system • greater vulnerability to accidents

  7. Accident frequency More sleep, fewer accidents Less sleep, more accidents 2,800 2,700 4,200 2,600 4000 2,500 3,800 2,400 3,600 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Monday before time change Monday after time change Sleep Deprivation

  8. Sleep Disorders • Insomnia • persistent problems in falling or staying asleep • Narcolepsy • uncontrollable sleep attacks • Sleep Apnea • temporary cessation of breathing during sleep • momentary reawakenings

  9. Sleep stages Awake 1 2 3 REM 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hours of sleep Night Terrors and Nightmares • Night Terrors • occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 • high arousal-- appearance of being terrified • seldom remembered

  10. Dreams: Sigmund Freud • Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) • wish fulfillment • discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings • Manifest Content • remembered story line • Latent Content • underlying meaning

  11. Dreams: Freud • Dreams • sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind • hallucinatory imagery • discontinuities • incongruities • delusional acceptance of the content • difficulties remembering

  12. Dreams • As Information Processing • helps facilitate memories • As a Physiological Function • periodic brain stimulation • REM Rebound • REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

  13. Sleep Across the Lifespan

  14. Hypnosis • Hypnosis • a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

  15. Hypnosis • Posthypnotic Amnesia • supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis • induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

  16. Hypnosis - Research • Orne & Evans (1965) • hypnotized group told to dip hand in fake acid, then throw the “acid” in assistant’s face • control group instructed to “pretend” • unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones

  17. Hypnosis • Posthypnotic Suggestion • suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized • used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

  18. Hypnosis • Dissociation • a split in consciousness • allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others • Hidden Observer • Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

  19. Drugs and Consciousness • Psychoactive Drug • a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood • Physical Dependence • physiological need for a drug • marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms • Psychological Dependence • a psychological need to use a drug • for example, to relieve negative emotions

  20. Big effect Response to first exposure Drug effect After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Little effect Large Small Drug dose Dependence and Addiction • Tolerance • diminishing effect with regular use • Withdrawal • discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use

  21. Psychoactive Drugs • Depressants – reduce neural activity • Alcohol • Barbituates • Opiates • Stimulants – excite neural activity • Caffeine • Nicotine • Amphetamines • Cocaine

  22. Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

  23. Psychoactive Drugs • Hallucinogens – psychedelic drugs • LSD • Ecstasy • THC

  24. Psychoactive Drugs

  25. Near-Death Experiences • Near-Death Experience • an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death • often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

  26. Near-Death Experiences • Dualism • the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact • Monism • the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing

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