FARMER

1. POST HARVEST PROCESSING AND STORAGEPitam ChandraCentral Institute of Agricultural EngineeringBhopalOct. 05, 2013

2. FARMER Agricultural Produce Storage, Processing & Trade Self Consumption & Marketing Processing Primary (No change in shape, size, form) Secondary (Transformed into more convenient form to use) Tertiary (Ready to Utilize/consume) ●Cleaning ●Conditioning ● Grading ● Packaging ● Storage ●Paddy Rice ●Oilseeds Oil ● Wheat Flour ● Goat Meat ● Fibre Fabric ●Cooked Rice ●Bread & Biscuits ●Cooked Meat ● Ketch UP ● Garments • Processed Products are Packaged, Transported, Stored and Retailed to the Consumers • At Every Stage of Processing Value is Added A generic flow diagram indicating the linkages from farmers to consumers

3. PRESENT SCENARIO Food production in the country is adequate but it is not accessible to all. Inadequate income earned by about 25% population High post harvest losses on farm and in the supply chain linking farmers to markets (estimated annual loss of Rs. 60,000 crore) Inadequate livelihood opportunities in the production catchments and rural sector High level of women and child malnutrition Mismatch between agri-exports and agri-imports Huge quantities of under-utilized crop residues and processing by-products leading to loss of income and environmental sustainability Low levels of agro-processing and value addition Acute shortage of trained scientific and academic manpower to propel these programmes commensurate with the country’s needs.

4. Advantages of Processing of Agricultural Produce in the Production Catchment (About 70% Human population and most of the livestock are in Production Catchment) Crop Residue & Byproducts for low-cost Livestock feed resulting into Higher Productivity of milk, egg, meat & fish Agricultural and livestock wastes for manure and/ or soil amendment & fuel Fresh, Nutritive and low cost edible Products for Human Consumption Better Animal HEALTH Better Human HEALTH Better Soil HEALTH Positive Attributes of Processing Agricultural Produce in the Production Catchment

5. Rationale To reduce post harvest losses To enhance income and employment generation in farm and rural sectors To make high quality raw material available to agro-processing industries To make food accessible to all To ensure environmental sustainability

6. Harvest and Post Harvest Loss Assessment Indian Council of Agricultural Research instituted the study on All India basis The task was to collect authentic data on post harvest losses of agrarian and allied sector produces on all India bases. The All India Coordinated Research Project on Post Harvest Technology carried out the task of assessment of post harvest losses of all major crops and commodities at national level. The data were collected from Rabi 2005-06 to Rabi 2006-07

7. Framework of the study Fourteen out of 15 agro-climatic regions except the island region were covered Encompassed about 20% of the rural districts of the country, numbering 106 Forty six crops and commodities selected for the study included cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables, plantation crops, spices, condiments, sugarcane, milk, poultry, meat and fishery The data for harvest and post harvest losses were collected for one full cycle of the selected commodities. Only the quantitative post harvest losses (reduction in weight of edible produce available for human consumption) was assessed.

8. The estimated post harvest losses on farm and in the supply chain from farm gate to markets and processors are as follows. Cereals : 3.9% - 6.0% Pulses : 4.3% - 6.1% Oilseeds : 2.2% - 10.1% Fruits & Vegetables : 5.8% - 18.0% Livestock produce : 0.6% - 6.9% There is need to reduce the post harvest losses on farm and in the supply chain

9. Other Observations High post harvest losses on farm and in the supply chain linking farmers to markets (estimated annual loss of Rs. 28000 croreat 2005-06 prices). The losses at present would be about Rs. 60,000 crore The study indicated that there had been some reduction in the post harvest losses as compared to the values reported in earlier studies. For cereals, pulses and oilseeds, the losses in farm operations constituted about two-thirds of the total losses. Therefore, efficient technologies for these farm operations could lead to the reduction of losses

10. General Approach Build upon the existing R&D output and results Further strengthen the R&D programmes Take them to the stakeholders in a mission mode Develop appropriate human resource Assess the impact

11. Level of Agro-processing in India Level of processing of whole agricultural produce is about 45% Level of processing of perishable produce is about 6% The extent of value addition to agricultural produce is about 20% processing of agriculture produce is around 40% in China, 30% in Thailand, 70% in Brazil, 78% in the Philippines and 80% in Malaysia

12. Level of Secondary Processing in Fruits and Vegetables Country Level of processing USA 80% Australia 25% Poland 31% Germany 33% Netherlands 12% India 1.3%

13. Safety and quality of products processed in organized sector are dependent on the quality of primary produce Therefore, adequate post harvest management and value addition in production catchments are essential for the safety and quality of final products

14. Research and HRD on Agro-produce Storage Data base on agro-produce characteristics and interaction with biotic and abiotic factors Design of various storage systems Operation and management of storage systems Interface of renewable energy systems and storage systems Active/smart storage systems HRD on storage technology

15. Research to bridge the critical R&D gaps Technologies for isolation, purification and characterization of the enzymes Production of pro-biotics from cheaper substrates Isolation of bioactive peptides and evaluation of their efficacy Non-destructive techniques for quality evaluation of foods Rapid quality evaluation of food grains, milk and meat products Nano-composites for packaging of foods Nano-encapsulation, nano-emulsions for fortification of foods Bio-packaging of food for cleaner environment

16. Research in emerging areas of agro-produce processing Active storage Cells as factories Microstructuring Non-destructive freezing Pulsed electric fields for agro-processing Cold atmospheric plasma Visible and UV radiation treatments Electrolysis for sanitation Bio-manufacturing Nano-particles in packaging Nutrigenomics

17. Advanced storage technology • Extraction of Bio-active compounds and nutraceauticals from agro-produce, residues and byproducts • Organic methods of shelf life extension and value addition • Nano technology for processing of agro-produce • Rapid methods of quality and safety assessments • Bio-packaging • Bio-sensors • Nutrigenomics Human Resource Development

18. Approach of ICAR in XII Plan Post harvest management, value addition, and utilization of residues and by-products in production catchments to: reduce post harvest losses ensure safety and quality of food products enhance nutritional security through fortification produce high value derivatives from agricultural produce and by-products increase farmers’ income and generate employment Consortia Platforms on Secondary Agriculture and Health Foods, are envisaged A new Discipline in Agricultural Structures and Environmental Management to boost R&D in Storage Engineering

19. FUTURE THRUST Development of technology for complete value chain from production to consumption including marketing Post Harvest Technology based entrepreneurship development Technology commercialization, incubation and Business Development Development of policy framework for promoting value addition in production catchments

20. RECOMMENDATION Integrated Intensive Farming System (IIFS) including rural based post-harvest activities is needed for the overall development of the rural sector.