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The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution. Beginning. The Industrial Revolution transformed Europe from an agricultural society into an industrial society of constant growth. New technology revolutionized the way people lived, worked, interacted, and governed.

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The Industrial Revolution

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  1. The Industrial Revolution

  2. Beginning • The Industrial Revolution transformed Europe from an agricultural society into an industrial society of constant growth. • New technology revolutionized the way people lived, worked, interacted, and governed. • Began in Great Britain around 1780, took 50 years to spread throughout Europe. • By 1814, one out of every four pieces of manufactured goods in the world came from British factories.

  3. British Industry • The Industrial Revolution started because the British food supply rose, leading to cheaper food and more money to purchase manufactured goods. • The rise in available food also led to a population boom. Lots of available workers. • British investors had a lot of money to invest in new technology, machines, and factories. • Because of its colonies, Britain had lots of natural resources and a supply of markets in which to sell goods.

  4. How much do they cost?

  5. Cotton • Cotton production was one of Britain’s industries. • Cotton was traditionally spun and weaved by hand, and turned into clothing and other goods by workers who worked at home. • New inventions, such as the water-powered loom, made it possible to produce cotton goods faster. • Workers were brought out of the home and into factories that were built around machines.

  6. Cotton and Steam • In 1782, James Watt adapted the steam-powered engine to drive machinery. • Steam power was used to spin and weave cotton, replacing the water-powered loom. • Production increased and factories could be built anywhere – access to running water was no longer needed. • By 1840, cotton cloth became Britain’s most valuable product.

  7. Steam Engine • The steam engine drove the Industrial Revolution. • Because it ran on coal, the coal industry expanded. • Britain had a huge supply of coal. • Coal also allowed for the production of better quality iron, which was used to construct stronger buildings and tools. • Britain produced 17,000 tons of iron in 1740. By 1852, it was producing 3 million tons a year.

  8. Railroads • Resources needed to be moved to factories to make goods, and goods needed to be moved to markets. • Railroads were created to solve this problem. • By 1850, Britain had 6,000 miles of track. Trains were powered by coal and steam engines. • Peasants and farmers moved to the cities to build railroads and work in factories.

  9. The Cycle of Growth • The speed of trains made it cheaper to transport goods, which made goods cheaper. The trains also brought the goods to new markets. • This allowed more people to buy goods, and created more of a demand for new goods. • This led to more factories and a demand for new inventions and new machines that could produce goods cheaper and faster.

  10. Effects on People • Europe’s population doubled between 1750 and 1850 to 266 million people. • Less disease, more food. • People moved to the city to work in the newly created industries – nine British cities had over 100,000 people in 1850. • Many people lived in miserable conditions in the rapidly growing cities. • A movement was started to clean up the cities and provide adequate waste removal and access to clean air and water.

  11. Family Life

  12. Workers • Industrial workers faced horrible working conditions. • Some worked 16 hours a day, 6 days a week. • The average American in 2012 works 7.5 hours a day, 5 days a week. • There was no minimum wage • Workers could be fired for any reason with no warning • Factories were often unsafe and hot.

  13. Workers, cont. • In Britain, women and children made up 2/3 of the workforce. • A child could work in a factory at the age of 9, but was limited to an 8 hour work day until the age of 13. • Women were paid less than men – sometimes half as much for the same work. • Married men were expected to work to support the family. • Married women were expected to stay at home and perform low paying jobs, such as doing other people’s laundry.

  14. Child Labor

  15. Child Labor

  16. Socialism • The harsh working conditions led to interest in a movement called socialism. • Under socialism, a society, usually government, owns and controls the means of production, such as factories and natural resources. • In theory, all people would benefit the same from a socialist factory’s work, because “everyone” owns the factory. • Early socialists thought that this idea would promote equality among the people in a society and replace competition with cooperation.

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