BELLWORK

1. BELLWORK 1/11/19 • Grab your folder. • Get out your Natural Selection Lab sheet. • Go to lab stations and get into groups from yesterday. • Prepare to complete the lab. • Get the lab from the folder hanging at your lab statio. • PLEASE WRITE ON YOUR OWN SHEET OF PAPER. • We will continue Geology after the lab.

2. Learning Intention: 8.ESS2.1 Analyze and interpret data to support the assertion that rapid or gradual geographic changes lead to drastic population changes and extinction events. Science Notes: Standard 16 8th Grade Terms/phrases to Investigate geographic changes, population changes, extinction events Crosscutting Concepts Patterns, Cause and Effect, Stability and Change Success Criteria/I Can Statement By the end of this unit I will be able to say... ...I can explain how geological changes can effect populations and/or cause extinctions.

3. Phenomenon Geologic Periods What caused these extinctions? Get into groups. Maybe do some online research. Discuss. There have been (at least) five major extinction events in our planet’s history. 1) Ordovician-Silurian Event (439 million yrs ago) ---approx. 86% of all life on Earth went extinct. 5 2) Devonian Event (364 million yrs ago) ---approx. 75% of all life on Earth went extinct 4 3) Permian-Triassic Event (250 million yrs ago) ---approx. 96% of all life on Earth went extinct 3 2 4) Triassic-Jurassic Event (210 million yrs ago) ---approx. 50% of all life on Earth went extinct 1 5) Cretaceous-Paleogen event (65 million yrs ago) ---approx. 76% of all life on Earth went extinct

4. Stnd 20: Phenomenon 8th Grade Science Click on the link below to watch a brief video clip. Think about how this plate movement effected the life forms that lived on this continent and the life forms in the oceans around it. Link (3:14): India and Tectonic Plate Movement

5. Answer these questions. Get in groups. Do some online research. Be ready to share. 1) As India slowly moved north, riding on its tectonic plate, how did this effect India’s flora (plants) and fauna (animals)? 2) What fossil distribution would you expect to see in India due to this plate movement? 3) What geological features would you expect to see due to this plate movement?

6. Learning Intention: 8.ESS2.3 Describe the relationship between the processes and forces that create igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Science Notes: Standard 18 8th Grade Terms/Phrases to Investigate processes, forces, rock, igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary Science and Engineering Practice(s) Construct Explanations, Argue from Evidence Crosscutting Concepts Patterns, Cause and Effect, Stability and Change I Can Statement ...I can describe the processes and forces that form igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

7. What are Rocks? What are rocks made of? Rocks are solid aggregates comprised of one or more minerals. What is aggregate in rocks? Aggregate: combinations of particles of minerals. What are minerals in rocks? Naturally occurring inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline internal structure.

8. Igneous Rock A.K.A. Magmatic rock ...is formed by the cooling and solidifying of molten rock . Examples: Granite, Basalt, Obsidian, etc. Link (1:27): Igneous Rock Intro Process Step One: solid rock is heated until it liquifies • It undergoes a phase change from solid to liquid. Step Two: This molten rock cools until it solidifies • It undergoes a phase change from liquid to solid. Forces Heat: Earth’s interior is very hot ...as hot as the surface of the Sun (10, 800 degrees Fahrenheit) Pressure: Gravity causes tremendous pressure under ground ...the deeper you go, the greater the pressure

9. Sedimentary Rock Rock formed by lithification (compaction and cementation) of sediment. Three Types: (1) Clastic, (2) Chemical, & (3) Organic Link (3:35): Sedimentary Rock Intro Process Step 1: Weathering (breaking rocks into small pieces) Step 2: Erosion (movement/transportation of these pieces of rock) Step 3: Deposition (accumulation of these pieces) Step 4: Compaction (pressure squeezes the pieces together) Step 5: Cementation (pieces are “glued” together) Forces Gravity: moves rock, makes water fall (rain) and flow downward Thermal Expansion: rock expands/contracts with temp changes Freeze/thaw cycle: ice in pores/cracks expands breaking the rock Glacial Transportation: ice sheets scour, grind, and move rock Chemical Reactions: chemical interactions of the sediment’s atoms

10. Metamorphic Rock ...is rock that has been changed by heat and pressure. Link (1:38): Metamorphic Rock Process Step 1: rock is exposed to intense heat or tremendous pressure Step 2: physically or chemically alters it, make its more dense Note: sedimentary or igneous rock can become metamorphic rock Forces heat and pressure Contact metamorphism: in contact with a heat sources Regional metamorphism: subjected to pressure over a large area Limestone Sandstone Marble Quartzite Gneiss Granite becomes becomes becomes

11. Rock Cycle ...is a model that includes the formation, breakdown, and reformation of rocks as a result of sedimentary, igneous, and/or metamorphic processes. Each type of rock can be converted into one of the other types. Link (4:38): 3 Types of Rocks and the Rock Cycle

12. Videos About Rocks Video 01 (5:37): Igneous Rocks (with flowchart) Video 02 (8:39): Sedimentary Rock (with flowchart) Video 03 (3:59): Metamorphic Rocks (with flowchart) Metamorphic Rock Sedimentary Rock Igneous Rock Flowchart ---fill in the provided flowchart while watching these videos---(see the next slide for the flowchart)

13. Rock Flowchart

14. Review Questions Notes: Standard 18 Review Questions cementation

15. Review Questions Notes: Standard 18 Review Questions

16. Review Questions Notes: Standard 18 Review Questions

17. Review Questions Notes: Standard 18 Review Questions

18. Review Questions Notes: Standard 18 Review Questions

19. Notes: Stnd 19 Science Date Learning Intention: 8.ESS2.4 (Tectonic Plate Movement) Gather and evaluate evidence that energy from the earth’s interior drives convection cycles within the asthenosphere which create changes within the lithosphere including plate movements, plate boundaries, and sea-floor spreading. Terms/Phrases to Investigate convection, asthenosphere, lithosphere, sea-floor spreading Science and Engineering Practice(s) Construct Explanations, Argue from Evidence Crosscutting Concepts Cause and Effect, Stability and Change I Can Statement ...I can describe how convection currents in the Earth causes tectonic plate movement.

20. Lithosphere and Asthenosphere Lithosphere: is the (rigid) crust and (rigid) top part of the mantle. Asthenosphere: (ductile) mantle below the lithosphere, viscous Ductile: flexible, can change form without breaking. Viscous: slow flowing like syrup or honey. solid/rigid solid/ductile solid/rigid solid/ductile

21. Convection Currents in the Earth Intense Heat: Earth’s interior is very hot ...the core is as hot as the surface of the Sun (10, 800 degrees F) 1) Heat Source 01: heat left over from Earth’s formation. 2) Heat Source 02: heat from radioactive elements in the Earth. Convention Currents: • heated rock rises and cooler rock sinks. • These currents in the asthenosphere move the tectonic plates. Convection Currents Convection Currents Link (1:13): Convection Currents-Planet Earth

22. Convection Currents in the Earth • asthenosphere is rock that is plastic/ductile(flexible-can flow). • heat rising from the core drives currents in the mantle. • heated mantle rock flows upward, cooler mantle rock sinks

23. Tectonic Plates Lithosphere is broken into giant slabs of rock called tectonic plates. • There are 7 major tectonic plates and many minor plates. Seven Major Plates (from largest to smallest) 1) Pacific Plate 2) North American Plate 3) Eurasian Plate 4) Africa Plate 5) Antarctic Plate 6) Indo-Australian Plate 7) South American Plate

24. Tectonic Plates: Two Types 1) continental plates: tectonic plates with continents on them • may also contain some oceans above them 2) oceanic plates: tectonic plates with only oceans above them • Does not include any continents above them

25. Tectonic Plate Movement • Convection currents in the mantle moves the tectonic plates. Earth in the Past: Pangea Link (1:32): Continental Drift-Pangea Link (3:00): How Mountains Are Made

26. Plate Boundaries • The location were two plates meet is called a plate boundary.

27. Seafloor Spreading • Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent boundaries in the oceans • Atlantic Ocean: this process formed the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. • Pacific ocean: this process formed the East-Pacific Rise. • Indian Ocean: this process formed the Southeast-Indian Rise. Divergent Boundary Divergent Boundary Link (2:10): Sea Floor Spreading & Plate Tectonics

28. Notes: Stnd 20 Science Date Learning Intention: 8.ESS2.5 Plate Tectonics-Fossils and Features Construct a scientific explanation using data that explains that the gradual processes of plate tectonics causes... A) a distribution of fossils on different continents, B) the occurrence of earthquakes, and C) geological features on the continents and ocean floor Science and Engineering Practice(s) Construct Explanations, Argue from Evidence Crosscutting Concepts Cause and Effect, Stability and Change I Can Statement ...I can explain how tectonic plate movement effected fossil distributions and formed various geological features.

29. Tectonic Plates Lithosphere is broken into giant slabs of rock called tectonic plates. • There are 7 major tectonic plates and 10 minor plates. Seven Major Plates (from largest to smallest) 1) Pacific Plate 2) North American Plate 3) Eurasian Plate 4) Africa Plate 5) Antarctic Plate 6) Indo-Australian Plate • probably separate plates 7) South American Plate

30. Convection Currents in the Earth • heat rising from the core drives currents in the mantle. • heated mantle rock flows upward, cooler mantle rock sinks • These currents in the asthenosphere move the tectonic plates. Link (3:42): Convection Currents & Tectonic Plates

31. Evidence for Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics causes... A) a distribution of fossils on different continents B) the occurrence of earthquakes C) geological features on the continents and seafloor (Mountains, trenches, ridges, faults, rift valleys, volcanoes, etc.) Link (4:22): How Do We Know Plate Tectonics Is Real?

32. Plate tectonics causes... A) a distribution of fossils on different continents • The locations of these fossils only makes sense if the continents were once connected as shown below.

33. B) the occurrence of earthquakes Plate tectonics causes... Cause: friction/pressure at plate boundaries Effect: seismic waves in the rock (earthquakes) Ring of Fire Link (2:10): Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics

34. Tectonic Plate movement causes earthquakes Earthquakes can occur at all three types of plate boundaries. earthquakes at convergent boundaries in subduction zones are generally very powerful. Convergent Boundary earthquakes at divergent boundaries tend to be shallow and weak. Divergent Boundary earthquakes at transform boundaries tend to be shallow but powerful. Transform Boundary

35. Plate tectonics causes... ---geological features on the continents & seafloor Rift Valleys ...a lowland region that forms where tectonic plates are spreading apart at divergent boundaries. Link (2:30): Africa's Great Rift Valley Link (2:53): East African Rift Valley

36. Plate tectonics causes... ---geological features on the continents & seafloor Mountain Ranges ...form along convergent boundaries where plates collide causing lithospheric rock to crumple and buckle upwards Link (1:14): Formation of the Himalayas

37. Plate tectonics causes... ---geological features on the continents & seafloor Mid-Atlantic Ridge ...is a series of ridges formed along a long divergent boundary where seafloor spreading is occurring. Link (1:22): Mid-Atlantic Ridge

38. Plate tectonics causes... ---geological features on the continents & seafloor Trenches Oceanic trenches are long/deep canyons on the seafloor formed at subduction zones/convergent boundaries. Link (2:04): Long Way Down-Mariana Trench

39. Notes: Standard 17 8th Grade Science Learning Intention: 8.ESS2.2 (Seismic Waves & Earth’s Structure) Evaluate data collected from seismographs to create a model of Earth’s structure. Terms/Phrases to Investigate data, seismograph, model, and structure Science and Engineering Practice(s) Analyze and Interpret Data, Develop and Use Models Crosscutting Concepts Stability and Change, Energy and Matter, Cause and Effect I Can Statement ...I can create a model of Earth’s internal structure using seismic data.

40. Seismic Waves ...are waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the Earth. Can also be generated by explosions or impacts.

41. Seismic Waves: Body Waves ...called body waves because they propagate (move) through the “body” of the Earth. P-Waves A.K.A. primary waves • are compression waves • move through solid and liquid rock • pushes/pulls as it moves through • fastest kind of seismic wave Link (4 sec): P-Wave Animation

42. Seismic Waves: Body Waves ...called body waves because they propagate (move) through the “body” of the Earth. S-Waves A.K.A. secondary waves • are transverse waves • only move through solid rock • slower than P-Waves • up/down or side to side motion • second wave felt during earthquakes (after P-Waves) Link (5 sec): S-Wave Animation

43. Seismographs What is a seismograph? A.K.A. seismometer • an instrument that measures and records seismic waves • generally used for detecting and measuring earthquakes • also detects/measures volcanic events and explosions Link (1:04): How a Seismograph Works

44. Seismogram • a seismogramis the graph output from a seismograph. Seismogram from Alaska Seismogram from California • Richter Scale: a 1 to 9 scale for measuring seismic waves. • Each level is ten times greater than the previous level.

45. Locate anomalies in this seismic data. Then draw a model of Earth’s structure from this data. Crust Slowed Slowed Mantle Slowed Slowed Repeated Repeated Outer Core Question: Why did the S-Waves stop at 2900 km? Repeated Inner Core

46. Draw a model of Earth’s structure from the data. Crust Depth: 0 to 50 km Mantle Depth: 50 to 2900 km Outer Core Depth: 2900 to 5200 km Inner Core Depth: 5200 to 6400 km

47. Earth’s Internal Structure Link (5:49): How We Know About Earth's Interior?

48. Earth’s Internal Structure • Seismic waves change speed and refract (bend) as they move • through different rock layers. S-Waves stop at liquids. • Understanding this enabled us to analyze seismographic data which reveals Earth’s internal structure.

49. Review Question Layers of rock inside the Earth have been revealed by analyzing seismic data. Geologists have observed that seismic waves change speed as they move downward toward Earth’s center. What is one location where this is revealed in Seismic Data Table 01, and what best explains this phenomenon? a)At a depth of 2900 kilometers the P-Waves slowed from 7.5 km/s to 0 km/s. This occurred because P-Waves are unable to travel through liquid rock. b) At a depth of 2900 kilometers the P-Waves slowed from 14 km/s to 8 km/s. This occurred as the wave hit the boundary of the mantle and the outer core.

50. Review Question Layers of rock inside the Earth have been revealed by analyzing seismic data. Geologists have observed that seismic waves change speed as they move downward toward Earth’s center. What is one location where this is revealed in Seismic Data Table 01, and what best explains this phenomenon? a)At a depth of 5200 kilometers the P-Waves slowed from 11 km/s to 10 km/s. This occurred because P-Waves are unable to travel through solid rock. b) After 5200 km, P-Wave speed was a constant 11 km/s all the way to Earth’s center. This occurred as the wave moved from the outer core through the inner core.