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Solar Radio Program at NJIT Advisory Committee Report 2009

Discover insights on solar radio bursts, magnetic fields, and electron energy derived from solar microwave burst spectra. Evaluation of mean magnetic field in flare loops and theory of particle acceleration in solar flares.

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Solar Radio Program at NJIT Advisory Committee Report 2009

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  1. Solar Radio Program at NJITAdvisory Committee Report 2009 Dale E. Gary, New Jersey Institute of Technology CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  2. CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  3. Radio Group NJIT • Dale Gary—Professor • Jeongwoo Lee—Research professor (shared with RBSpice) • Gelu Nita—Research professor • Gregory Fleishman—Research professor • Zhiwei Liu—Postdoc (shared with THz project) • Samuel Tun—Graduate student (5th year) • Keri Salvadore—Graduate student (1st year) • Ph.D. Thesis work: Cornell (Cerruti), Michigan (Kawabata), Caltech (Stevens), BNU/China (Dou) OVRO • Kjell Nelin—Senior observer/technician • 2/3 FTE of Caltech/OVRO personnel CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  4. Recent Productivity Submitted • Fleishman, G. D., Nita, G. M. & Gary, D. E. 2009, “Dynamic Magnetography of Solar Flaring Loops,” Astrophysical Journal Letters (submitted) • Kintner, P. M. Jr., O'Hanlon, B., Gary , D. E., & Kintner, P. M. S. 2009, “Global Positioning System and Solar Radio Burst Forensics,” Radio Science , submitted • Liu, Z., Su, K., Federici, J. F., Barat, R. B., Gary, D. E. & Michalopoulou, Z. H. 2009, “Video Rate Terahertz Interferometric and Synthetic Aperture Imaging,” Applied Optics, submitted InPress • Dou, Y., Gary , D. E., Liu, Z., Nita, G. M., Bong, S-C., Cho, K.-S., Park, Y.-D., & Moon, Y.-J. 2009, “The Korean Solar Radio Burst Locator (KSRBL),” Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific • Lee, J. & Gary , D. E. 2009, “Electron Energy and Magnetic Field Derived from Solar Microwave Burst Spectra,” Astrophysical Journal Published 2009 • Qiu, J., Gary, D. E., & Fleishman, G. D. 2009, “ Evaluating Mean Magnetic Field in Flare Loops,” Solar Physics, 255, 107 • Bykov, A. M. & Fleishman, G. D. 2009, “Particle Acceleration by Strong Turbulence in Solar Flares: Theory of Spectrum Evolution,” Astrophysical Journal, 692, 45 Published 2008 • Gary, D. E. 2008, “Cause and Extent of the Extreme Radio Flux Density Reached by the Solar Flare of 2006 December 06,” Goodman, J.M. (Editor-in-Chief), 2008 Ionospheric Effects Symposium (Proceedings) ; (JMG Associates Ltd: Sheridan Books), accession No. PB2008-112709 • Afraimovich, E. L., Demyanov, V. V., Gary, D. E., Ishin, A. B., and Smolkov, G. Ya. 2008, “Failure of GPS Functioning Caused by Extreme Solar Radio Events,” Goodman, J.M. (Editor-in-Chief), 2008 Ionospheric Effects Symposium (Proceedings) ; (JMG Associates Ltd: Sheridan Books), accession No. PB2008-112709 • Rozhansky, I. V, Fleishman, G. D. & Huang, G.-L. 2008, “Millisecond Microwave Spikes: Statistical Study and Application for Plasma Diagnostics,” Astrophysical Journal, 681, 1688 • Altyntsev, A. T., Fleishman, G. D., Huang, G.-L. & Melnikov, V. F. 2008, “A Broadband Microwave Bursts Produced by Electron Beams,” Astrophysical Journal, 677, 1367 CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  5. Recent Productivity Published 2008, cont’d • Cho, K.-S., Bong, S.-C., Kim, Y.-H., Moon, Y.-J., Dryer, M., Shanmugaraju, A., Lee, J. & Park, Y. D. 2008, “Low Coronal Observations of Metric Type II Associated CMEs by MLSO Coronameters,” Astronomy & Astrophysics, 491, 873 • Melnikov, V. F., Gary, D. E., & Nita, G. M. 2008, “Peak Frequency Dynamics in Solar Microwave Bursts—Correction,” Solar Physics , 253, 75 • Melnikov, V. F., Gary, D. E., & Nita, G. M. 2008, “Peak Frequency Dynamics in Solar Microwave Bursts,” Solar Physics , 253, 43 • Nita, G. M., Fleishman, G. D., & Gary, D. E. 2008, “Spike Decomposition Technique: Modeling and Performance Tests,” Astrophysical Journal , 689, 545 • Lee, J. & Gary, D. E. 2008, “Parallel Motions of Coronal Hard X-Ray Source and H-alpha Ribbons,” Astrophysical Journal Letters , 685, L87 • Sinyukov, A. M., Liu, Z., Hor, Y. L., Su, K., Barat, R. B., Gary, D. E., Michalopoulou, Z.-H., Zorych, I., Federici, J. F. & Zimdars, D. 2008, Rapid-phase modulation of terahertz radiation for high-speed terahertz imaging and spectroscopy, Optics Letters , 33, 1593 • Sinyukov, A., Zorych, I., Michalopoulou, Z.-H., Gary , D., Barat, R., & Federici, J. F. 2008, Detection of explosives by Terahertz synthetic aperture imaging—focusing and spectral classification, Comptes Rendus Physique , 9, 248 • Cerruti, A. P., Kintner, P. M., Gary, D. E., Mannucci, A. J., Meyer, R. F., Doherty, P. and Coster, A. J. 2008, "Effect of Intense December 2006 Solar Radio Bursts on GPS Receivers," Space Weather , 6 10 • Liu, C., Lee, J., Jing, J., Gary, D. E., Wang, H. 2008, The Spatial Distribution of the Hard X-Ray Spectral Index and the Local Magnetic Reconnection Rate, Astrophysical Journal, 672, 69L • Fleishman , G. D., Bastian, T. S. & Gary, D. E. 2008, “Broadband Quasi-periodic Radio and X-Ray Pulsations in a Solar Flare,” Astrophysical Journal, 684, 1433 CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  6. Current Projects • Owens Valley Solar Array ($443 k/yr – if renewed) • Frequency-Agile Solar Radiotelescope (FASR) Design/Development ($90 k) • FASR Pathfinder ($400 k/yr – if funded) • Forward-Fitting Radio Spectra ($120 k/yr) • FASR Subsystem Testbed (--) • Korean Solar Radio Burst Locator (--) • THz Interferometric Imaging (--) CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  7. Change in Research Direction • Research up to 2005 was solely operation and science with OVSA. • Starting in 2005, we began to shift to hardware design and development, in support of FASR. • We have developed significant in-house expertise in digital signal processing, as well as in system development, control and operation. • Approach is to put new instrumental capability in the field, with new science along the way. • Vision is to build FASR (Pathfinder for now, but ultimately full FASR) and operate it from NJIT. CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  8. FASR Subsystem Testbed (FST) • FASR prototyping—using state-of-the-art technology • First spectrograph-like time and frequency resolution with locating capability • Recording full resolution digital data provides complete flexibility for subsequent data processing—testbed for FASR digital design, calibration, and RFI mitigation • Targets include local RFI, satellites, and solar bursts CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  9. FST System • Hardware • 1-9 GHz RF • 500 MHz instantaneous BW • Record full-res time-domain signal, off-line processing • Block Diagram CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  10. FST Science • New Space Weather effect—GPS outages due to radio burst emission • New RFI detection/mitigation algorithm—spectral kurtosis • Observed strongest burst ever seen (1 million SFU) due to maser spikes • Maser spike bandwidths and lifetimes • Locating decimetric burst sources CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  11. World-wide GPS Outage CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  12. OVSA vs. FST Resolution Observed by OVSA and FST at Owens Valley Solar Observatory 30 s near end of burst System automatically switches between polarizations CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  13. A Closer Look CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  14. Locating Decimetric Bursts FST data from 1-min period in 2006 Dec 14 burst CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  15. Locating Decimetric Bursts Positional Overlay on Hinode Data CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  16. Korean Solar Radio Burst Locator (KSRBL) • 2-m Patriot dish (prototype for FASR) • 2000 MHz instantaneous bandwidth (FST: 500 MHz) • 0.245-18 GHz RF (FST: 1-9) • 1 s time resolution (full spectrum), or 25 ms resolution (2 GHz BW) • Locating ability (within ~2’) CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  17. Korean Solar Radio Burst Locator (KSRBL) • Expands on FST design. • Replaces Acqiris digitizer with CASPER technology (100% duty cycle) • Includes unique FPGA firmware on CASPER iBOB hardware • Implements “spectral kurtosis” RFI detection CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  18. Spectral Kurtosis (SK) • http://web.njit.edu/~gary/assets/Phone_RFI.htm CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  19. SK mimics Gaussian noise! • SK > 1 • highly intermittent • SK < 1 • more continuous SK Estimator vs. Spectral Power CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  20. KSRBL Locating Ability CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  21. OVSA Upgrade (NSF) • New Correlator (from 3 to 8 antennas) • Makes use of latest CASPER hardware and software tools CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  22. FST Upgrade (NASA) • 3-element FX correlator fits on a single ROACH • Eliminates poor (<1%) duty cycle • Permits absolute calibration CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  23. 15 15 0 45 15 15 FASR $ 50 M $ 25 M $ 7.8 M Isaac Gary CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  24. NJIT Involvement in FASR Pathfinder ($7.8 M) • Planning and prototyping • Design and construction of digital signal processing system (correlator) • System integration and test • Site construction • Operations • Institutions involved: • NRAO • NJIT • UC/Berkeley • Caltech • Maryland CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  25. Budget (FY09) Incoming Federal Funds (FY09): Korean SRBL $ 50 K NSF OVSA Support 263 K ( 79 K to subcontract) NSF AST (Fleishman) 120 K NSF ATM (FASR) 90 K NASA SR&T 103 K _________________________________ Total $ 626 K ($ 79 K to subcontract) CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  26. Budget (FY10) Estimated Federal Funds (FY10): NSF OVSA Support $ 310 K ( 75 K to subcontract) NSF AST (Fleishman) 120 K NSF ATM (FASR Pathfinder) 356 K NASA SR&T 133 K _________________________________ Total $ 919 K ($ 75 K to subcontract) CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  27. Issues for the Future • Duties of the PI (Dale Gary) • Chair of Physics Dept. (ending in two months!) • Project scientist on FASR • Director of OVSA • Operation and analysis with OVSA and FST • Hardware involvement in FASR Pathfinder • Operation of FASR Pathfinder (in three years) • Continued push for full FASR • Restarting Astronomy Decadal Survey efforts (Astro-2010) • ATST start (if it happens) should bring about consolidation of solar funding within NSF Atmospheric Sciences • The scientific community should push for FASR construction opportunity during that reorganization CSTR Advisory Committee Report

  28. Issues for the Future (cont’d) • Lack of engineering support • We have come far in the radio group the past few years in developing hardware expertise and capabilities • Technical know-how resides in PI, a research professor (software/hardware interface), and a postdoc (digital signal processing)—we need professional engineering support • Attempts to add engineering support in science proposals has met with failure • Need for new faculty position in theoretical solar physics • The Physics department has articulated the need for a theorist in the department for the past two years, to support graduate instruction. • The need for a theorist in the solar area was also a conclusion of this advisory board in 2006. • Certainly any plan to build and operate the full FASR at NJIT requires the addition of a new faculty member with radio expertise. CSTR Advisory Committee Report

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