McCullohs Museum of Historical Art

1. McCullohs Museum of Historical Art Cologne Cathedral, Cologne Germany Tonya McCullohs Bonnie Smith CRN: 20601

2. GALLERIES • The Renaissance • The Counter Reformation and The Baroque • The Age of Revolution • The Working Class and The Bourgeoisie • The Modernist World

3. The Counter Reformation and The Baroque After the success of the Protestant Reformation in which myriads of people left Catholicism, the Catholic Church, as a way of winning back those who had left, began a movement called the Counter-Reformation in which they sought to redefine, 0r perhaps more accurately reform, the church’s image. The Catholic Church’s strategy was to reshape its image through reshaping the arts. Out of this move, an ever increasingly elaborate and ornate form of art expression came to be known as Baroque style, with the Vatican City in Rome as the center piece. In the first half of the seventeenth century, St. Peter’s Basilica’s Square was transformed by the design of Bernini with an expansive 800 foot square surly rounded by 284 huge Doric columns. This dramatic design was meant to embody the (Sayre 309)message of the Church that its motherly arms embraced its flock, which is still the message of the Catholic Church today. This Baroque style of art that came about was centered on creating a work of art that would draw the view in emotionally. Interestingly enough, the name baroque probably came from the Portuguese word for a large, irregularly shaped pearl: barroco. However, this name was first used in a derogatory way insinuating that this style of art was so very ornate and over-the-top that it bordered on being tacky at best. The influence of the Baroque began with the Catholic Church’s Counter-Reformation movement, readily seen in Rome and most particularly at the Vatican, and moved on to Venice, which was the center of musical expression in Europe in the seventeenth century. (Sayre 309)

4. Architecture

5. Work on Paper

6. Sculpture

7. Painting

8. Artist Spotlight Gian Lorenzo Bernini essentially defined the style of Baroque through his challenge of the artistic traditions of his day. Through the patronage of the Church’s popes and cardinals, he was able to dominate the Italian art world for most of the seventeenth century through his innovative sculptural and architectural projects. His departure from traditional artistic styles into more ornate and emotionally expressive interpretations led the way for other artists to explore the free-flowing, dramatic world of Baroque. Bernini’s father, Pietro, himself was a sculptor and so he began his artistic career in his own father’s studio. It became soon apparent that he had a true gift f0r creating expressive sculpture with Flora and Priapus, as well as, A Faun Teased by Children Cardinal Scipione Borghese commissioned Bernini to create several larger-than-life marble statues for his villa in Rome. The magnificence of Bernini's novel style quickly established him as the foremost sculptor in Italy. One of the statues, Apollo and Daphne, mesmerizingly demonstrates the commonBaroque theme of metamorphosis. Never before had a sculptor been able to create such subtle variations in the texture of the marble to create the illusion of soft human skin. Additionally, he illustrated the metamorphosis theme beautifully by transforming Daphne’s hands intothe leaves and bark of a tree. Another notable sculpture would be Bernini’s statue of David, which goes beyond Michelangelo's skill in crafting the human form in marble. Bernini added torsion that created such a lively stance that almost seems to reach out into the viewer’s space. Perhaps his greatest masterpiece, The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, immortalizesSaint Teresa in a mystical trance as she was physically overwhelmed by a miraculous vision. It is truly a stunning work of art compelling the viewer to wonder just what was it that Saint Teresa saw in her vision to have put her in such as state. (White) Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)

9. Art Spotlight No doubt that Luis Niño got his inspiration for this painting from engravings of the statue of the Virgin of the Victory of Málaga, which were widely distributed in the New World. The actual statue is in Málaga, Spain, which is a port city. The Virgin has often been considered as a patron of sailors, ships, and their voyages. The original statue portrays a seated Madonna with the Infant Christ on her lap. This particular statue of the Madonna was dressed in an actual lavish garment depicting the current fashion at that time. It was common place to bestow luxurious garments on such statues throughout Spain in the 18th century. In the painting, it looks as though the Virgin is standing, rather than sitting because of the wideness of the dress. In reality, the garments were made very wide to actually cover the throne of the statue on which the Virgin sat. Engravings of the Virgin of Málaga were distributed widely in the New World and may have helped inspire Niño’s painting. Many aspects of this painting point to local Inca and Peruvian influences. Most notably is the extraordinary use of gold overlay in this painting and the particular technique was created by first building up raised layers of gesso and then applying gold leaf over that. The rounded shape of the Virgin’s dress is similar to the Inca earth-mother goddess, Pachamama, who was often depicted in the shape of a mountain. The crescent moon with the two vertical lines above is appear similar to the shape of a ceremonial Incan knife, which was also used as a symbol for conquest and victory. (Our Lady) Our Lady of the Victory of Malaga. Luis Niño, About 1740, Oil on Canvas

10. Works Cited The Counter Reformation and The Baroque Bernini, Gian Lorenzo. Photograph. N.D. Web Gallery of Art. 29 October 2013. <http://www.wga.hu/frames- e.html?/html/b/bernini/gianlore/sculptur/1620/david0.html/>. Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa. In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Hardouin-Mansart, Jules and le Brun, Charles. Galeriedes Glaces (Hall of Mirrors), Palace of Versailles. In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Masaccio, Christ Preaching (the “Hundred-Guilder Print”). In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Nino, Luis, Our Lady of the Victory of Malaga. In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. “Our Lady of the Victory of Malaga”. Denver Art Museum. Web. 31 October 2013. <http://creativity.denverartmuseum.org/1969_345/>. Rigaud, Hyacinthe, Louis XIV, King of France. In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Sayre, Henry M. Discovering the Humanities, 2nd ed.. Boston, Mass.: Pearson, 2013. Vermeer, Jan, Woman with a Pearl Necklace. In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Veronese, The Feast of Levi, In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. White, Veronica. "Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598–1680)". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bern/hd_bern.htm (October 2003)/.

11. The Age of Revolution In the late 18th century, increasing demands in the form of heavy taxation from the British monarchy without proper representation in the Colonies, sparked the beginnings of the American Revolution. Similarly, the common people of France were increasingly frustrated by the despot activity of Louis XVI and tensions boiled over in 1789 when a mob stormed the Bastille and en effect, began the French Revolution. These two revolutions brought ab0ut great social change throughout the world and would eventually lead to further revolutions around the globe. This period became known as the Age of Revolution, which also ignited new forms of art expression. Neoclassicism dominated on into the mid-19th century, but was accompanied by an almost completely opposing style that began at the very end of the 18th century. This opposing style was termed Romanticism because it valued the personal and the individual over the social and orderly and even duty to state, which the Neoclassicism represented. So, during these extremely turbulent times in world history, art of that day clearly depicted the two streams of political and social thought that formed the basis for so many revolutions in so many countries around the world. (Sayre 377)

12. Architecture

13. Engraving

14. Watercolor

15. Painting

16. Artist Spotlight Perhaps the most important painter of the German Romantic movement in the 19th century was a landscape painter by the name of Caspar David Friedrich. Friedrich is best known for his alluringallegorical landscapes, which displayed silhouetted figures against night skies, morning mists, barren trees, and Gothic ruins. The contemplation of nature was evident in all his work with undeniable spiritual and symbolic overtones. Friedrich was born in 1774 in Greifswald, Germany. He studied in Copenhagen until 1798 before settling in Dresden. His maturity as an artist came during a time when, throughout Europe, a growing sense of spiritualism was to be desired above the materialism of the day. This need for a greater sense of being more spiritually attuned was often expressed in art through reassessing the natural world. Other artists such as John Constable and J. M. W. Turner also contributed to this greater sense of spiritualism through their depiction of nature as being divine while considering human existence was a ruse at best. During his lifetime, Friedrich was actually a very prominent artist. However, when during the second half of the 19th century, with Germany moving towards modernization, Friedrich’s contemplative renditions of stillness were seen as dated and his work lost favor with the public. His work was later rediscovered in 1906 when 32 of his paintings and sculptures were held in exhibition in Berlin. From thereon, his work was appreciated by the Expressionists, the Surrealists and even the Existentialists, who frequently drew inspiration from his work. Today Friedrich is considered a painter of international importance, as well as an icon of the German Romantic movement. (Caspar David) Caspar David Friedrich September 5, 1774 - May 7, 1840

17. Art Spotlight Some have speculated that the figure in Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog is Friedrich himself, which means that the painting would be a self portrait. Certainly the young man in the painting has red hair, just as the artist did. H0wever, tradition says that the contemplative man in this painting is that of a high-ranking forestry officer, Col. Friedrich Gotthard von Brincken of the Saxon infantry. His green uniform appears to be that of the volunteer rangers, who were called into service against Napoleon by the King of Prussia. Indeed, this painting may have been meant to be a patriotic tribute of sorts. With the mystical fog surrounding him, the silhouetted figure stands in quiet contemplation, surveying the mist of fog hovering over the sea. One can only imagine what the thoughts were in this young man’s mind as he takes in the almost eerie scene swirling around him. The strategic use of having the subject’s back towards the viewer lends a sense of seeing through the figure’s eyes what he is beholding and thus, the viewer can enter into his personal experience frozen in time through this mesmerizing painting. Friedrich sketched the Wanderer above a Sea of Fog at the place of inspiration, Elbsandsteingebirge, in Saxony and Bohemia and later painted this scene in his studio. The landscape and beauty of his homeland, Germany, was always an inspiration for Friedrich as he often depicted mountains, trees, and the heavy mist above the sea in many of his works. (Wanderer) Wanderer above a Sea of Fog. Caspar David Friedrich, 1817-18. Oil on Canvas.

18. Works Cited The Age of Revolution “Caspar David Friedrich”. Casper David Friedrich, The Complete Works. Web. 30 October 2013. <http://www.caspardavidfriedrich.org/>. Friedrich, Caspar David. Self Portrait. 1880. Casper David Friedrich, The Complete Works. Web. 30 October 2013. <http://www.caspardavidfriedrich.org/>. Friedrich, Caspar David. Wanderer above a Sea of Fog. 1817-18. German History in Documents and Images. Web. 30 October 2013. <http://germanhistorydocs.ghi- dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=2211&language=english/>. Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Saint-Bernard. In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. John Constable, The Hay Wain, In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Musée de la Ville de Paris, To Versailles. To Versailles. In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Trumball, John, The Declaration of Independence, In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Turner, J. M. W., Interior of Tintern Abbey.In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources Vignon, Pierre-Alexandre, La Madeleine. In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. “Wanderer above a Sea of Fog”. Artble. Web. 30 October 2013. <http://www.artble.com/artists/caspar_david_friedrich/paintings/wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fogdavid_friedrich/paintings/ wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog/>. .

19. The Working Class and The Bourgeoisie Early in the 19th century, Louis XVIII, upon assuming the French throne after Napoleon was defeated, was faced with dealing with the reforms implemented by the Revolution and even by Napoleon himself. Luis XVIII’s younger brother, the Count of Artois, took an opposing view and the Ultra Royalist movement was born. The Ultra Royalists were families who had suffered at the hands of the revolutionists, so they fought to get their lands back that had been confiscated and to reverse the reforms that had been made during the revolution and subsequently, by Napoleon. During this time, they also imprisoned and executed countless revolutionaries. Conversely, Louis XVIII sought to strengthen his control by dissolving the Chamber of Deputies and holding new elections, resulting in a more moderate majority. Additionally, the educational system came under the control of the Catholic Church, press censorship was instituted and political activity that was deemed dangerous was banned. Within four years, this forced, relative calm was overturned when the son of the Count of Artois was murdered. Thus, turmoil once again reigned in France. Against this politically unstable landscape, the two competing styles of art expression, Neoclassicism and Romanticism, continued to evolve. However, during this period, they evolved with heavy political overtones and it was clear to see what side of the political spectrum that the artist was associated with Thus, the hallmark of this artistic period of time would highlight the struggle of the working class and the bourgeoisie over the aristocracy. (Sayre 407-408)

20. Architecture

21. Work on Paper

22. Painting

23. Painting

24. Artist Spotlight Unquestionably one of the most important Impressionist painters of the late 19th to early 20th centuries, Renoir got much of his inspiration from the old Renaissance masters, especially from Raphael and Titian. Although he was one of the founders of the Impressionist movement, in his later years, he would go on to develop a new style that was based on this inspiration from such masters. This monumental new art movement would come to influence such new innovative painters as Picasso. Interestingly enough, Renoir began his artistic career, not as a portrait painter, but as a porcelain painter. However, his dream was to become a professional artist so he began by copying paintings at the Louvre in 1860. Sometime later, he connected with the artist Charles Gleyre and was introduced toClaude Monet, FrédéricBazille, and Alfred Sisley, with whom he became great friends. In the early 1870’s, Renoir and Monet decided to establish an independent artist’s society apart from the Salon. They were soon called the Impressionists because they sought to represent every day modern life in their art. During this time, he painted Dance at the Moulin de la Galette, which is most notably an iconic example of the impressionist style as it displays light flickering over the painting’s subjects. In 1878 during his later years and with abundant financial backing from his patrons, Renoir began to explore other artistic directions apart from impressionism. Here, he began to look back to the old masters, such as Titian and Rubens, for more structure and permanence in his paintings. His first painting with this new approach, Luncheon of the Boating Party, demonstrates more solidity and clarity in the depiction of the figures and even their purposeful placement within space. Renoir’s popularity as an artist has continued to current times where he is still considered today as one of the greatest French painters of the modern age for his work as an Impressionist, but equally so for the undeniable beauty of his late works. (Kang) Auguste Renoir (1841–1919)

25. Art Spotlight Luncheon of the Boating Party remains the best known and most popular works of art by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. The painting captures a sublime scene of Renoir's friends as they lazily share food, wine, and good conversation on a balcony overlooking the Seine at the MaisonFournaise restaurant in Chatou. The popular MaisonFournaisewas known to draw Parisians of all classes including artists, writers, seamstresses, society women, businessmen and even shop girls to eat in the restauarnat or stay in the hotel for the night. With such a diverse group of subjects, this painting came to symbolize the changing and more modern French society in the mid to late 19th century. The crafting of this exquisite work of art was nothing short of complicated as he spent months painting the individual figures when those friends and models were available, as well as constantly making numerous changes . Despite the difficulty in completing the painting, Renoir was able to retain his vision of what he wanted the painting to convey and in the end, the Luncheon of the Boating Party turned out to be a truly remarkable work of art. Luncheon of the Boating Party consists of mainly youthful, romanticized portraits of Renoir's colleagues and friends as they enjoy each other’s company at the MaisonFournaiseRestaurant. These included the art historian, collector, and editor Charles Ephrussi; Ephrussi'spersonal secretary, Jules Laforguea poet and critic; the actress Ellen Andrée; former mayor of colonial Saigon, Baron Raoul Barbier; the proprietor's daughter, AlphonsineFournaiseand son, Alphonse Fournaise, Jr. ; the artist Paul Lhote; the bureaucrat Eugène Pierre Lestringuez; the actress Jeanne Samary; Renoir’s close friend and wealthy patron, GustaveCaillebotte; the actress Angèle; the Italian journalist, Maggiolo; an avid boatman and sailor, Caillebotte and lastly, a seamstress, AlineCharigot, who Renoir would eventually marry. (Luncheon) Luncheon of the Boating Party. Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1880-1881. Oil on Canvas

26. Works Cited The Working Class and The Bourgeoisie Cassatt, Mary Stevenson, In the Loge, In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Courbet, Gustave, The Stonebreakers, In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Degas, Edgar, Dance Class, In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Ganier, Charles, Façade of the Opera, In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Kang, Cindy. "Auguste Renoir (1841–1919)". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/augu/hd_augu.htm (May 2011) Les Fetes de Nuit a l'Exposition, In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. “Luncheon of the Boating Party”. The Phillips Collection. Web. 30 October 2013. <http://www.phillipscollection.org/collection/boating-party/>. Morisot, Berthe, Summer’s Day, In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Pablo Picasso. Photograph. 15 March 2012. Famous People Ever. Web. 29 October 2013. <http://famouspeopleever.blogspot.com/2012/03/pablo-picasso.html>. Renoir, Pierre-Auguste, Luncheon of the Boating Party, In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Self-Portrait Pierre Auguste Renoir. Photograph. N.D. Pierre Auguste Renoir – The Complete Works. Web. 30 October 2013. <http://www.pierre-auguste-renoir.org/Self-Portrait-large.html/>

27. The Modernist World Around 1850, as new vehicles of transportation were being invented, the age of motion dawns and the modern era is born First came the steam engine and train, then the automobile and lastly, the airplane in 1903. Around the turn of the century, motion pictures were created and the assembly line was developed being able to turn out the production of hundreds of times an individual’s efforts. From 1895 to 1915, scientists discovered various aspects of the inner worlds of matter and energy, leading to the understanding that although we see matter as stationery, in fact, the atoms that make up the matter are in a state of perpetual motion. The arts could not but help respond to this total upheaval of thought about what is and what isn’t, as well as a magnification in the speed and way of common, every day life. Thus were born new styles of art expression in the form of “ism’s”: post-impressionism, modernism, simultanism, cubism, futurism, fauvism, and surrealism. This extreme departure from previous styles of art also greatly influenced the music, literature, poetry and even psychological understanding of that day. (Sayre 439-440)

28. Architecture

29. Work on Paper

30. Sculpture

31. Painting

32. Artist Spotlight Picasso was a Spanish painter, draftsman, and sculptor. He co-founded the Cubist movement with Georges Braque and is best known for the wide variety of styles embodied in his work, much of which was quite abstract. In his early years, Picasso painted in a realistic manner, which eventually would transform into more abstract expression as his style changed as he experimented with various techniques, theories, and ideas, as well as numerous mediums, including oil paintings, sculpture, drawing, and architecture. His innovative artistic accomplishments brought him universal recognition and much fortune throughout his life, making him the best-known figure in twentieth century art. He was probably the first painter to have a mass audience in his own lifetime and it is estimated that upwards of hundreds of millions of people had heard of him and had seen his work in reproduction, if not live. With all this acclaim in the art world, it was unfortunate that his demeanor as an father and a man were less than respectable. He was sarcastic and superstitious and was cruel to his own children and even nastier to the many women in his life. In fact, he was contemptuous of women artists and even once remarked about women as being "goddesses or doormats“, but such misogynistic attributes did not deter the women in his life, as his charm and virility was quite legendary. He was also politically lucky. Though to Nazis his work was the epitome of "degenerate art," his fame protected him during the German occupation of Paris, where he lived; and after the war, when artists and writers were thought disgraced by the slightest affiliation with Nazism or fascism, Picasso gave enthusiastic endorsement to Joseph Stalin, a mass murderer on a scale far beyond Hitler's, and scarcely received a word of criticism for it, even in cold war America. Amazingly, no painter or sculptor, not even Michelangelo, had been as famous as Picasso was in his own lifetime. He was the first artist to enjoy the obsessive attention of mass media. His vast output of art, controversial changes of style and constant pushing of the envelope created much controversy and gossip - and thus such celebrity. Additionally, he inspired, or at least contributed to most of the art movements of the 20th century. He actually formed the Cubismmovement. He also had a great effect on the early works of American Abstract Expressionist painters, Jackson Pollock, Arshile Gorky and Willem de Kooning, among others. (Pablo Picasso) Pablo Picasso

33. Art Spotlight Starry Night, by Vincent van Gogh, as one of the most replicated prints of all times, is also one of the most well known paintings of modern times. Such has the effect been of this mesmerizing piece of art that it was even immortalized in Don McLean's song 'Vincent' (Starry, Starry Night). Amazingly, Van Gogh only sold one painting during his lifetime, but his posthumous popularity is legendary. There are actually several main aspects to Starry Night that have intrigued people for years and surely, each attribute affects each person in a different way. The swirling clouds and stars and crescent moon fill the night sky, with the luminous stars appearing almost as if ablaze. The movement of the painting begs the viewer to interact with the scene and then other aspects of the painting come into view. The small town at the bottom of the painting below the rolling hills emit essentially what one senses as a peaceful essence. The steeple is a major focal point appearing to bring the heavens down to the earth. The large, dark cypress tree in the foreground creates an even greater sense of size and isolation in conjunction with the quaint, little sleepy town. The swirling curves from the sky are replicated in this massive tree. The wide variation of size of objects in the painting lend itself to the creation of depth and even a larger-than-life feel to the painting. One can only imagine what Van Gogh himself was thinking about when he created this masterpiece and just what was the story he was trying to convey. Van Gogh was plagued by mental illness all his life and he actually painted Starry Night while in an Asylum at Saint-Remy in 1889. Van Gogh was quite religious and in his younger years (1876-1880) he wanted to dedicate his life as an evangelist. This religious fervor may indeed be reflected in the eleven stars of the painting, as many have speculated. Genesis 37:9 states: "And he dreamed yet another dream, and told it his brethren, and said, Behold, I have dreamed a dream more; and, behold, the sun and the moon and the eleven stars made obeisance to me.“ (Vincent van Gogh) Starry Night. Vincent Van Gogh, 1889. Oil on Canvas

34. Works Cited The Modern Age Boccioni, Umberto, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Gropius, Walter, The Bahaus Building, In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Marc, Franz, Die GrossenBaluenPferde (The Large Blue Horse), In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Pablo Picasso. Photograph. 15 March 2012. Famous People Ever. Web. 29 October 2013. <http://famouspeopleever.blogspot.com/2012/03/pablo-picasso.html>. “Pablo Picasso and His Paintings.” Pablo Picasso. Web. 29 October 2013. <http://www.pablopicasso.org/>. Picasso, Pablo, Gertrude Stein, In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Picasso, Pablo, Girl Before A Mirror, In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Picasso, Pablo, Guitar, Sheet Music, and Wine Glass, In Discovering the Humanities, Henry M. Sayre, 1st ed. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010, Resources. Starry Night. Photograph. N.D. Van Gogh Gallery. Web. 29 October 2013. <http://www.vangoghgallery.com/catalog/Painting/508/Starry-Night.html>. “Vincent van Gogh: Starry Night.” Van Gogh Gallery. Web. 29 October 2013. <http://www.vangoghgallery.com/catalog/Painting/508/Starry-Night.html>.