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Unit 2 Biochemistry

Unit 2 Biochemistry. Medical Microbiology Ms. Harborth Ms. Grover. Basic Chemistry. Atoms Nucleus (protons, neutrons) electrons Elements Periodic Table – order of reactivity 20 elements in living matter 4 make up 97% of living tissue, rest are called trace. Basic Chemistry. Molecules

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Unit 2 Biochemistry

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  1. Unit 2Biochemistry Medical Microbiology Ms. Harborth Ms. Grover

  2. Basic Chemistry • Atoms • Nucleus (protons, neutrons) • electrons • Elements • Periodic Table – order of reactivity • 20 elements in living matter • 4 make up 97% of living tissue, rest are called trace

  3. Basic Chemistry • Molecules • 2 or more atoms bonded together • Compounds • 2 or more atoms joined together in proportion by weight • Reactants vs products • Inorganic vs organic compounds • Solutions • Solute • Solvent • Soluble vs insoluble • Water = universal solvent. POLAR

  4. Acids, Bases, and Salts • Acid • Substance that ionizes in water into H3O+ ions • Base • Substance that ionizes in water into OH- ions • Neutralization and salts • Acid + Base -> Salt + Water

  5. pH • pH = measure of acidity • Indicators: special chemicals used to test for H+ ions. Example: Blue litmus paper (A-red, B-blue), bromothymol blue (A-yellow, B-blue), Phenolphthalein (A-colorless, B- pink) • 7 = neutral pH • 0-6.9 = acid • 7.1-14 = base • Tears: 7.3, blood: 7.4, urine: 5-7.5 • Buffers: biological compounds that keep the pH at homeostasis

  6. Inorganic vs Organic Compounds • Inorganic: • Don’t have carbon (except CO2, CaCO3) • Smaller and simpler compounds • Organic: • Have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • Usually contain nitrogen and phosphorus • Large an complex compounds • Hydrocarbons – consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

  7. Carbohydrates • Contain C, H, and O in ratio of 1:2:1 • Monosaccharides • Simple sugar • Glucose – C6H12O6 • Fructose • Galactose • Disaccharides • Two sugars bonded together • Sucrose = glucose + fructose • Lactose = glucose + galactose • Polysaccharides • Huge! • Starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

  8. Lipids • Fats, oils, waxes • More energy storage than carbs • 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids • 3 kinds: • Simple: C, H, and O • Fats and oils (butter, beeswax, olive oil, peanut oil, etc) • Saturated (solid at room temp, all C bonds are saturated with H, BAD fat) • Unsaturated (liquid at room temp, C double bonds to C, GOOD fat) • Compound: C, H, O, N, and P • Amount remains constant in organism • Phospholipids and glycolipids (neurons) • Derived – C, H, and O • Steroids, vitamin D, cholesterol, vitamins A, D, E, and K

  9. Proteins • C, H, O, N, and S • Made of amino acids bonded in peptide bonds • Amino Acids: • 20 total • Basic structure with an “R” group • Protein Structure: • Primary – straight chain • Secondary – fibrous proteins; alpha helix, beta pleated sheets. Ex: hair, nails • Tertiary – globular protein. Ex: enzymes • Quaternary – 2 or more globular proteins bonded together. Ex: hemoglobin

  10. Enzymes • Proteins! • Organic catalysts • Highly specific • Active site/ substrate

  11. Nucleic Acids • C, H, O, N, and P • DNA, RNA, ATP • Made of nucleotides • Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base • DNA • Double stranded, deoxyribose, ATCG • RNA • Single stranded, ribose, AUCG

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