Chapter 24

1. Chapter 24 An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism 1894 - 1914

2. I. Intellectual and Cultural Developments • The Emergence of a New Physics – b/4 reason and facts = science • Newton - (Objective)

3. 2. Marie Curie • Polish • Married Pierre Curie – a professor of physics • 1906 – husband died and she was professor • Theory of Radioactivity (radium and polonium) • Subatomic particles – random movements

4. 3. Max Planck (1858-1947) • Correlation of temperature and radiation. • Energy of a vibrating molecule is “quantized” (radiation was emitted in little “chunks” which is proportional to vibration not temperature). • Revolutionary – energy is discontinuous. Not a constant stream. Not objective.

5. 4. Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) • German • The Electro-Dynamic of Moving Bodies • Relativity Theory – Space and Time are NOT absolute but relative to the observer • 4D – Space/Time Continuum. • Matter is Energy • E = mc^2 • Eclipse of 1919 – light was bending with gravitational force even though it had no mass.

7. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LoaOHvy5AcA&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztNjUtJcGzk

8. B. Toward a New Understanding of the Irrational • Frederich Nietsche (1844-1900) • Reason plays little role in life – at the mercy of irrational forces. • Christianity was the problem – “Slave Morality”

9. Frederick Nietzsche – slave morality • Morality was invented by “weak” people in order to defend themselves against the “strong • Superior person – skeptic of compassion, pity, and selflessness. Happy, energetic and optimistic. • Slave – Pessimistic and fearful. Slaves are victims (or choose to be) • Makes the best of a bad situation. • Promotes virtues to ease living for those who suffer. • Patience, industry, humility - good things.

10. Slave Morality vs Master Morality • Slave Morality – (living a lie) • Good – to ease suffering • Bad – to inspire fear • Master Morality • Good – to inspire fear • Bad – to ease suffering • What would he think about equality and Democracy?

11. “God is Dead” • Not literally • God is dead in the hearts of modern man, killed by rationality and science. • Accepting that there is no God – is getting rid of the Western Christian cultural belief of a God. April 8, 1966

12. 2. Henri Bergson – (1859-1941) • Reason is good for knowledge and practical application but it is not necessary for truth or ultimate reality • Reality is a “life force” • French Philosopher • Intuitivism

13. 3. Georges Sorel (1847-1922) • Revolutionary Socialism – violent action to ensure socialism • General Strike – violent orders to attack Capitalist society • Small elite ruling body

14. C. Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis (1856 – 1939) • Austrian • The Interpretations of Dreams • Psychoanalysis – human behavior is driven by irrational behavior (the unconscious) • Role of Unconscious • Hypnosis and Dreams • Repression – previous experiences determine behavior, but you can’t remember.

15. Unconscious • Id – unconscious – basic drives for the pleasure principle • Ego – justifies the id’s drives – the reality principle • Superego – stops the id. (societies morals or virtues)

17. Oedipus Complex The most important repressions were sexual Through psychoanalysis a patient would find that there are desires for the parent of the opposite sex.

18. D. The Impact of Darwin • Social Darwinism – Herbert Spencer • Societies are organisms – The state should not intervene because society will fix itself. • Racism – nations were engaged in a “struggle for existence” • Is there a more evolved race??? • Germany, (volk) – nation, people, race

19. Volkish Thought • Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927) • The Foundations of the 19th Century • Modern-Day Germans • “Aryan” – creators of West. Culture • Destructive races: • Jews • Negroes • Orientals

20. E. The Attack of Christianity Industrialization and urbanization means the church is less powerful 1. Anticlericalism – movement that opposed the clergy for reasons like -politics - Scientific discoveries (evolution) - Ernst Renan – Life of Jesus – questions historical accuracy

21. D. Attack of Christianity • Response of the Churches • Rejection of the modern ideas and forces (Catholic and Protestant) • Pope Pius IX = Syllabus of Errors • Modernism – reinterpret Christianity • Ends by 1907 • Compromise

22. E. The Culture of Modernity: Literature 1. Naturalism – b/4 realistic - now realistic but no optimis.

23. E. The Culture of Modernity: Literature 2. Symbolism – (poetry) against realism, external world = not reality mind – reality a. W.B. Yeats b. Maria Rilke

24. F. Modernism in the Arts • Impressionism – beginning of modern art. • France – no studio painting; country • Camille Pissarro (1830-1903) – founder • Not as “precise” or real • Effects of light on nature • Claude Monet (1840-1926) • Berthe Morisot (1841-1895)-female painter – not taken seriously

25. Pissarro - The Chestnut Trees at Osny

26. Pissarro - Landscape at Chaponval

27. Claude Monet http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/monet-the-argenteuil-bridge

28. Berthe Morisot http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/morisots-mother-and-sister-of-the-artist

29. F. Modernism 2. Post – Impressionism (1880s) kept the light and color - but structure and form become important (Personal statement about reality - objective reality to subjective reality)

30. Paul Cezanne (1839 – 1906) • Geometric figure

31. Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)

32. F. Modernism 3. Search for Individual Expression – how do you represent “reality” when you aren’t sure what reality is? a. photography – 1830’s b. Picasso – Cubism (geometric designs) c. Kandinsky – abstract painting – art avoids representation and speaks to the soul (concentrates on color)

33. George Eastman – Kodak 1888

34. Pablo Picasso – Les Demoiselles d’Avignon

35. Picasso – Three Musicians

36. Kandinsky – Square with White Border

37. 4. Modernism in Music • Emphasis on folk music • Edvard Grieg – Norwegian Nationalist • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAMLCDnCLzs • Claude Dubussy - • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_7loz-HWUM • Igor Stravinsky • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSyoi0EGYBw

38. II. Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties • The movement of Women’s Rights • Political Democracy – 1894 slowed and socialism is taking over • 1830’s movements start – more for family and prejudice. Mostly unsuccessful • New Professions – teaching and nursing.

39. Nursing during the 19th century Amalie Sieveking Clara Barton – 1821-1912 Florence Nightingale

40. 4. The Right to Vote • Britain (Millicent Fawcett) • Women’s Social and Political Union and 1903 – media and “suffragettes”

43. Emily Davison - 1913

45. Emmaline Pankhurst • Founded Women’s Social and Political Union • More radical protests • Eggs, chaining to lampposts • Hunger strikes

46. 1908 Equal Suffrage laws in Harper’s Weekly

47. 5. Efforts for Peace • Bertha Von Suttner (1853-1914) • Lay Down Your Arms – novel; nobel peace prize in 1905 • “new woman” – renouncing Traditional female roles • Maria Montessori – first Italian woman with a med degree. Montessori schools

49. B. Jews in the European Nation-State • Anti-Semitism in the Austrian Empire in Germany • Karl Lueger – mayor of Vienna 1897-1910 • German Nationalist – blamed Jews for the corruption of the Jewish culture • Pogroms – 72% of Jews lived in Eastern Europe

50. 3. Zionist Movement • Theodor Hezel – The Jewish State • Secure Palestine as a homeland for the Jewish people.