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HIV EVOLUTION

HIV EVOLUTION. Santiago Rios Master Proteòmica i Genòmica. History. HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) probably transfers to humans in Africa between 1884 and 1924 . 1970 : African doctors see a rise in opportunistic infections and wasting .

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HIV EVOLUTION

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  1. HIV EVOLUTION Santiago Rios MasterProteòmica i Genòmica

  2. History HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) probably transfers to humans in Africa between 1884 and 1924. 1970: African doctors see a rise in opportunistic infections and wasting . Western scientists and doctors remain ignorant of the growing epidemic. 1981: AIDS is detected in California and New York (probably enters around 1970) • 1982: AIDS is reported among haemophiliacs and Haitians (probably enters around 1966) and in several European countries. The name AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is created. 1983: Scientists identify HIV (initially called HTLV-III or LAV) as the cause of AIDS. Western scientists become aware that AIDS is widespread in parts of Africa. 1985: AIDS is found in China, and has therefore been seen in all regions of the world.

  3. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Viruses) FamilyRetroviruses gag: Gag polyprotein pol: enzymes reverse transcriptase, integrase, and HIV protease env: precursor to gp120 and gp41 Transactivators: tat, rev, vpr Other regulators: vif, nef, vpu Genome structure GenusLentivirus HIV-1 (Groups M “Subtypes: A-K”, O, P and N)and HIV-2

  4. ORIGINS OF HIV Sharp P.M. et al. 2011 Cold Spring HarbPerspect Med

  5. Phylogeny of Pol sequences Cross-speciestransmission.

  6. The phylogenetic relationships of representative SIVcpz, HIV-1, and SIVgor

  7. Hybridorigin of SIV • Clear breakpoint in SIVcpz between Pol and Env Differences. • SIVcpz discordance. Diversity plot comparing SIVcpz to 7 other SIV Phylogenies of primate lentivirusPol and Env sequences • Bailes E. et al, Hybrid Origin of SIV in Chimpanzees, Science 13 June 2003

  8. Hunter theory • Oral polio vaccine theory use chimpanze kidney cells. (Blancou P. et al, Polio vaccine samples not linked to AIDS, NATURE 2001) • The contaminated needle theory for hunter body (Wolfe N.D. et al, Naturally acquired simian retrovirus infections in central African hunters, Lancet. 2004) • The colonialism theory • The conspiracy theory Infection & ExpantionHypotesis

  9. HIV is host-specific. • HIVs are the result of multiple cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) naturally infecting African primates. • The origin HIV pandemia is not clear. • Other HIV typescanoccurbycross-species transmissions. Conclusions

  10. Sharp P.M. and Hahn B.H., Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic, Cold Spring HarbPerspect Med 2011;1 • Hahn B.H. et al, AIDS as a Zoonosis: Scientific and Public Health Implications, Science 287, 607. 2000 • Bailes E. et al, Hybrid Origin of SIV in Chimpanzees, Science 13 June 2003: Vol. 300 no. 5626 p. 113 • Blancou P. et al, Polio vaccine samples not linked to AIDS, NATURE 26 April 2001: Vol. 410 • Wolfe N.D. et al, Naturally acquired simian retrovirus infections in central African hunters, Lancet. March2004: 20;363(9413):932-7. Bibliography

  11. HIV-CellInteraction

  12. Co-receptors

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