Geography 1700 Chapter 9 Part 2 of 4

1. “Super-Storm Sandy” in October, 2012 caused more than $55 Billion in financial losses and cost more than 300 lives. • Most of these losses were preventable. People living along the sea coast are “gamblers” - - hoping that a big storm won’t really affect them. • As of October, 2013, some people in New Jersey still do not have electricity and/or drinking water. • People in New Jersey can say the same thing about us: people in Utah think that a big earthquake won’t really be that bad. Geography 1700 Chapter 9 Part 2 of 4

2. Low pressure develops along fronts. Cold front on southwest, warm front on east. Cold air circulates counter-clockwise. Warm air rises on the southeast side. Dry air aloft feeds the cyclone from behind the cold front. Occluded front develops, trapping warm air aloft. Pressure gradient weakens and storm dissipates. Extra-tropical Cyclone Development Air will flow when there is a ‘gradient’ or “slope” between high and low pressure. Air pressure results from differences in temperature. High pressure flows to low pressure. WIND.

3. Hurricanes in East and Gulf Coasts • Usually takes one of three paths • Season starts June 1 and ends Nov 30 Figure 9.21

4. Geographic Regions at Risk for Cyclones But what about “tornado alley”? Let’s broaden our definition of “cyclone”

6. Geographic Regions at Risk for Cyclones, cont. Westerlies What makes the USA so unusual in severe storms? Because, we should have desert in Alabama - - but we don’t. Instead, we have “fight club” -- ”tornado alley”.

7. Track of Extra-Tropical StormsTrade winds from east to west collect ocean transfer ocean heat to air vapor where it can collide with drier air further north. This red arrow is probably wrong. Hurricanes do not reach Los Angeles. Hurricanes west of Mexico tend to blow away from land because of the same trade winds that blow hurricanes toward land in the Gulf and Atlantic.

8. Geographic Regions at Risk for Cyclones The coast is “hurricane” country, but cyclones include tornadoes that occur across much of the USA. Hurricane regions are also tornado regions. Our definition of ‘cyclones’ should include “tornado alley”. All together, the United States collects more than 90% of the world’s tornadoes.

9. Geographic Regions at Risk from Cyclones, Summary • Tropical cyclones • East and Gulf Coasts • Hawaii and Atlantic Canada • Baja California and West Coast Mexico • Extra-tropical cyclones • Winter windstorms in Pacific Coast • Winter snow Sierra Nevada, Rocky Mountains, and east • Spring and summer thunderstorms and tornadoes in U.S. and Canada

10. A classic “extra-tropical” cyclone. In our hemisphere they are called hurricanes.Notice the tall clouds, well-developed “eye” and the counter-clockwise winds.Low air pressure inside these storms (rising air) allows ocean levels to rise also, allowing ‘taller’ sea level during the storm.High winds and heavy rain then add much more to ‘storm surge.’Flooding. 600+ miles wide

11. Looking down on a cyclonic storm, notice that the right side probably exhibits higher wind speeds because the forward speed of the storm adds to the wind speed inside the storm. If wind speed inside the storm reaches 100 mph and if the entire storm is moving forward at 20 mph, then the combined speed of wind on the forward-moving side should be 120 mph. Likewise, the “back side” of the storm subtracts forward speed to yield just 80 mph winds. Higher wind means higher storm surge flooding. Storm forward track = 20 mph Lower wind speed Higher wind speed

12. Is it true that tropical storms can become stronger when they take their energy (heat) into encounters with cooler/drier air?

13. For the same reason a‘dust devil’ hit Mr. Allred’scar twice.Still, it is important that dry dust devils rise only until they lose their heat source, such as a black asphalt parking lot.But wet tornadoes contain their own source of heat – latent heat in invisible water vapor.They rise until they run out of water & heat. Can you see why cyclonic storms can “hit” twice?

14. Westerlies – cooler/drier Trade winds flow east to west. After collision with westerlies, storm fronts tend to flow SW to NE. Calculate net wind speed right front vs left rear. Easterly Trade Winds – warmer/wetter

15. Facing the on-coming storm, calculate the left vs right side wind speed differential to show why the storm is often worse on one side or the other.Wind speed 100 mphStorm track 20 mph.Can you see why cyclonic stormscan “hit” twice?What about a‘dust devil’ hitting Mr. Allred’s car?

16. Cyclone Effects: High Winds • Described by Saffir-Simpson Scale • Decrease exponentially with landfall • Strongest recorded winds in U.S. from extra-tropical cyclone • Responsible for strong winds in blizzards and tornadoes Figure 9.28

17. Cyclone Effects: Storm Surge 1. Low atmospheric pressure allows sea water to rise as much as three feet, like drawing soda up a straw. 2. High winds can push storm water far upstream and inland, adding perhaps 6-10 feet of flooding above normal sea level. 3. High winds can cause severe damage even without water involved. 4. High winds cause higher and faster wave crests that push inland. 5. Heavy rain can cause downstream flooding even as sea water is pushing upstream. People live in between and sometimes drown. 6. Flooding is even worse if the storm coincides with high tide. Spring tide would be worse yet = Super Storm Sandy had it all – 20 feet of surge in some places. Combined total flooding in a hurricane can even exceed 30 feet.

18. Links to Other Natural Disasters • Coastal erosion • Flooding • Mass wasting • Other types of severe weather • Tornadoes, severe thunderstorms, snowstorms, and blizzards

19. Natural Service Functions of Cyclones • Source of precipitation -- Many places depend on severe storms to help meet annual water budget. • Redistribute warm air from tropics • Maintain ecosystems • Winds carry plants, animals, and microorganisms. • Waves stir up deeper, nutrient-rich waters. • Winds topple weak and diseased trees in forests. • Waves break apart some corals.

20. Human Interaction with Cyclones • Urbanization of vulnerable coastlines • Destruction of sand dunes • Construction of seawalls and bulkheads • Poor building materials and practices • Global warming

21. Forecasting and Warnings • Forecast includes: • If it will make landfall • Where and when • Wind strength • Rainfall amount • Storm surge • Monitored by U.S. Hurricane Center, Canadian Hurricane Center. • Hurricane watch means likely hurricane in 36 hrs. • Hurricane warning given when hurricane is likely within 24 hrs or less.

22. Forecasting Tools • Weather satellites • Detect early warning signs • Cannot show wind speed • Aircraft • U.S. Air Force, NOAA airplanes fly into the storm to collect data • Doppler radar • Give information on rainfall, wind speed, and direction of the storm

23. Forecasting Tools, cont. • Weather buoys • Automated weather stations that give information at their locations • Computer models • Predict and track hurricane progress • Have vastly improved hurricane information • Still lacking in predicting storm intensity

24. Storm Surge Predictions • Predict the time and elevation of surge. • Forecasters use wind speed, fetch, and average water depth. • Need detailed information on topography. • Different elevations on land affect the storm surge. • Computer models use central pressure, size, forward speed, track, wind speed, and seafloor topography. Let’s keep in mind that prediction is still an issue – even though we can see a hurricane coming, we don’t know how each part of the storm will match-up with a coastline and urban areas. The result is sometimes widely varying differences in storm surge and people who get caught by surprise. Allred’s Note

25. Hurricane Prediction and the Future • Deaths have decreased dramatically because of better forecasting, improved education, and greater public awareness. • However, coastal populations are increasing, causing an increasing risk.

26. Perception of and Adjustment to Cyclones • Perception of hazard depends on personal experience. • More experienced people may take hazard more precautions. • More experienced people may also take less precautions. • Community adjustments to cyclone hazard: • Warning systems(Hurricane Katrina may have been the most advertised disaster in human history. The whole world watched it develop). • Evacuation plans and shelters • Insurance • Building design

27. Tornado warnings in the United States used to be only 2-3 minutes before arrival.Tornado warnings now provide as much as 11 minutes of warning. How do tornado warnings compared to hurricane warnings?Hurricanes are known well in advance – tornadoes are often too small and quick-moving for the forecast. Remember: - a “watch” means that an event might happen - a “warning” means that something IS happening – take cover.

28. Perception of and Adjustment to Cyclones, cont. • Personal adjustments to cyclone hazard • Be aware of hurricane season • Prepare homes and property for hazard • Obtain flood insurance • Install heavy shutters that can be latched • Learn evacuation route • Make a family emergency plan • Collect emergency supplies