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Chapter 8 Adding a Disk

Chapter 8 Adding a Disk. Disk Interface. SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface High performance and reliability IDE (or ATA) Integrated Device Electronics (or AT Attachment) Low cost Become acceptable for enterprise with the help of RAID technology SATA Serial ATA SAS

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Chapter 8 Adding a Disk

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  1. Chapter 8Adding a Disk

  2. Disk Interface • SCSI • Small Computer Systems Interface • High performance and reliability • IDE (or ATA) • Integrated Device Electronics (or AT Attachment) • Low cost • Become acceptable for enterprise with the help of RAID technology • SATA • Serial ATA • SAS • Serial Attached SCSI • USB • Universal Serial Bus • Convenient to use

  3. Disk Interface – SCSI Interface Evolution

  4. Disk Interface – SCSI Interface Connector

  5. Disk Interface – SCSI Interface • Daisy chain on SCSI bus • Most external devices have two SCSI ports • Terminator • Each SCSI device has a SCSI ID

  6. Disk Interface – ATA & SATA • ATA (AT Attachment) • ATA2 • PIO, DMA • LBA (Logical Block Addressing) • ATA3, Ultra DMA/33/66/100/133 • ATAPI (ATA Packet Interface) • CDROM, TAP • Only one device can be active at a time • SCSI support overlapping commands, command queuing, scatter-gather I/O • Master-Slave • 40-pin ribbon cable • SATA • Serial ATA

  7. Disk Interface –ATA & SATA Interface • ATA interface and it’s cable • SATA interface and it’s cable

  8. Disk Interface – SAS • SAS – Serial Attached SCSI • SAS vs parallel SCSI • Serial transfer protocol to interface multiple devices • lesser signaling overhead • higher speed • Point-to-point • No bus contention • SCSI is multidrop • No termination • does not require terminator • Eliminates skew • Supports higher number of devices (> 16384) • SCSI limits it to 16 or 32 • Supports higher transfer speed (1.5, 3.0 or 6.0 Gbps) • SCSI the speed is shared across the entire multidrop bus • Supports SATA devices • Uses SCSI commands to interface with SAS End devices

  9. Disk Interface – USB • USB to IDE/SATA Converter

  10. Disk Geometry (1) • Sector • Individual data block • Track • circle • Cylinder • circle on all platters • Position • CHS • Cylinder, Head, Sector

  11. Disk Geometry (2) • 40G HD • 4866 cylinders, 255 heads • 63 sectors per track, 512 bytes per sector • 512 * 63 * 4866 * 255 = 40,024,212,480 bytes • 1KB = 1024 bytes • 1MB = 1024 KB = 1,048,576 bytes • 1GB = 1024 MB = 1,073,741,824 bytes • 42,278,584,320 / 1,073,741,824 ≒ 39.375 GB

  12. Disk Installation Procedure (1) • The procedure involves the following steps: • Connecting the disk to the computer • IDE: master/slave • SCSI: ID, terminator • power • Creating device files • /dev • Now auto created by devfs • Formatting the disk • Low-level format • Address information and timing marks on platters • bad sectors • Manufacturer diagnostic utility devfs(5,8)

  13. Disk Installation Procedure (2) • Partitioning and Labeling the disk • Allow the disk to be treated as a group of independent data area • root, home, swap partitions • Suggestion: • /var, /tmp separate partition • Make a copy of root filesystem for emergency • Establishing logical volumes • Combine multiple partitions into a logical volume • Software RAID technology • FreeBSD (GEOM) • Linux (Linux LVM) • Sun (Solstice Disk Suite, ZFS) geom(4)

  14. Disk Installation Procedure (3) • Creating UNIX filesystems within disk partitions • Use “newfs” to install a filesystem for a partition • Filesystem components • A set of inode storage cells • A set of data blocks • A set of superblocks • A map of the disk blocks in the filesystem • A block usage summary newfs(8)

  15. Disk Installation Procedure (4) • Superblock contents • The length of a disk block • Inode table’s size and location • Disk block map • Usage information • Other filesystem’s parameters ※ sync • The sync() system call forces a write of dirty (modified) buffers in the block buffer cache out to disk. • The sync utility can be called to ensure that all disk writes have been completed before the processor is halted in a way not suitably done by reboot(8) or halt(8). sync(2,8)

  16. Disk Installation Procedure (5) • mount • Bring the new partition to the filesystem tree • mount point can be any directory • # mount /dev/ad1s1e /home2 • Setting up automatic mounting • Automount at boot time • /etc/fstab • % mount –t ufs /dev/ad2s1a /backup • % mount –t cd9600 –o ro,noauto /dev/acd0c /cdrom sabsd:~ -lwhsu- cat /etc/fstab # Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass# /dev/ad0s1b none swap sw 0 0 /dev/ad2s1b none swap sw 0 0 /dev/ad0s1a / ufs rw 1 1 /dev/acd0c /cdrom cd9660 ro,noauto 0 0 proc /proc procfs rw 0 0 /dev/ad2s1a /backup ufs rw,noauto 1 1 ccduty:/bsdhome /bsdhome nfs rw,noauto 0 0

  17. Disk Installation Procedure (6) • Setting up swapping on swap partitions • swapon command • swapon, swapoff, swapctl swapon(8)

  18. fsck – check and repair filesystem (1) • System crash will cause • Inconsistency between memory image and disk contents • fsck • Examine all local filesystem listed in /etc/fstab at boot time • Automatically correct the following damages: • Unreferenced inodes • Inexplicably large link counts • Unused data blocks not recorded in block maps • Data blocks listed as free but used in file • Incorrect summary information in the superblock fsck(8) fsck_ffs(8)

  19. fsck – check and repair filesystem (2) • Run fsck in manual to fix serious damages • Blocks claimed by more than one file • Blocks claimed outside the range of the filesystem • Link counts that are too small • Blocks that are not accounted for • Directories that refer to unallocated inodes • Other errors • fsck will suggest you the action to perform • Delete, repair, …

  20. Adding a disk to FreeBSD (1) • Check disk connection • Look system boot message • /var/run/dmesg.boot • Use /stand/sysinstall to install the new HD • Configure  Fdisk  Label • Don’t forget to “W” the actions • (Easiest, but has some problems) • fdisk(8), bsdlabel(8), newfs(8) • Make mount point and mount it • # mkdir /home2 • # mount -t ufs /dev/ad1s1e /home2 • # df (checking) • Edit /etc/fstab ad1: 238475MB <Hitachi HDT725025VLA380 IBM V5DOA7CA> at ata0-slave SATA150

  21. Adding a disk to FreeBSD (2) • If you forget to enable soft-update when you add the disk • # umount /home2 • # tunefs –n enable /dev/ad1s1e • # mount –t ufs /dev/ad3s1e /home2 • # mount /dev/ad0s1a on / (ufs, local, soft-updates) devfs on /dev (devfs, local) procfs on /proc (procfs, local) /dev/ad1s1e on /home2 (ufs, local, soft-updates)

  22. RAID (1/2) • Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks • A method to combine several physical hard drives into one logical unit • Depending on the type of RAID, it has the following benefits: • Fault tolerance • Higher throughput • Real-time data recovery • RAID Level • RAID 0, 1, 0+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 • Hierarchical RAID

  23. RAID (2/2) • Hardware RAID • There is a dedicate controller to take over the whole business • RAID Configuration Utility after BIOS • Create RAID array, build Array • Software RAID • FreeBSD (GEOM) • Linux (Linux LVM) • Sun (Solstice Disk Suite)

  24. RAID 0 • Stripped data intro several disks • Minimum number of drives: 2 • Advantage • Performance increase in proportional to n theoretically • Simple to implement • Disadvantage • No fault tolerance • Recommended applications • Non-critical data storage • Application requiring high bandwidth (such as video editing)

  25. RAID 1 • Mirror data into several disks • Minimum number of drives: 2 • Advantage • 100% redundancy of data • Disadvantage • 100% storage overage • Moderately slower write performance • Recommended application • Application requiring very high availability (such as home)

  26. RAID 0+1 • Combine RAID 0 and RAID 1 • Minimum number of drives: 4

  27. RAID 2 • Hamming Code ECC Each bit of data word • Advantages: • "On the fly" data error correction • Disadvantages: • Inefficient • Very high ratio of ECC disks to data disks • Recommended Application • No commercial implementations exist / not commercially viable

  28. RAID 3 • Parallel transfer with Parity • Minimum number of drives: 3 • Advantages: • Very high data transfer rate • Disadvantages: • Transaction rate equal to that of a single disk drive at best • Recommended Application • Any application requiring high throughput

  29. RAID 4 • Similar to RAID3 • RAID 3 V.S RAID 4 • Byte Level V.S Block Level • Block interleaving

  30. RAID 5 • Independent Disk with distributed parity blocks • Minimum number of drives: 3 • Advantage • Highest read data rate • Medium write data rate • Disadvantage • Disk failure has a medium impact on throughput • Complex controller design • When one disk failed, you have to rebuild the RAID array • “write hole”

  31. RAID 6 • Similar to RAID5 • Minimum number of drives: 4 • 2 parity checks, 2 disk failures tolerable.

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