MENULIS SOROTAN KAJIAN ( LITERATURE REVIEW )

1. MENULIS SOROTAN KAJIAN (LITERATURE REVIEW)

2. WHAT IS LITERATURE REVIEW? (cont.) “Review articles…and critical evaluations of material that has already been published. By organizing, integrating and evaluating previously published material, the author of a review article considers the progress of current research toward clarifying a problem. In a sense, a review article is tutorial in that the author:

3. Defines and clarifies the problem • Summaries previous investigations in order to inform the reader of the state of current research • Identifies relations, contradictions, gaps, and inconsistencies in the literature • Suggests the next step or steps in solving the problem

4. STEPS TO WRITE A REVIEW • Structural writing strategies • Describing, analyzing and synthesizing strategies • Stylistic strategies

5. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS IN WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW • The funnel • Introduction and focus of the topic • Road maps (advanced organizer) • Sections and subsections: Mini road maps • Explicit topic sentences • Transitions • Summary and conclusions

6. THE FUNNEL • The review itself should have the shape of a funnel moving from the broadest issues of why this topic is important to the very narrow issue of your particular research hypothesis

7. EXAMPLE • In this figure, the student is doing her research on rape prevention interventions with a high school population • She is using social norming theory as her theoretical framework

8. Rape is a social problem • Rape in high schools specifically • Importance of prevention in high school • Methodologies critique of prevention in general • Methodologies critique of preventions in high school specifically • Theoretical bases in social norming theory • Previous studies using social norming theory • The goals of study specifically • Hypothesis and research questions Less attention and specificity coverage Rape prevalence throughout the world Psychological squealed of rape Child sexual abuse Sexual harassment Review of measures of attitude change in sexual assault Genetic theories of rape Rape of men Treatment of sex offenders Treatment of sexual assault Greater attention and specificity of coverage Rape in the military

9. INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS OF THE TOPIC “ A review tells a straightforward tale of circumscribed question in want of an answer. It is not a novel with subplots and flashbacks but a story with single, linear line. Let this line stand out and in bold relief”. (Bern 173) • The chapter should immediately introduce the topic and clearly indicate the purpose of the paper, the scope and/or limitations of the review and essential definitions if appropriate.

10. ROAD MAPS (OVERVIEW STATEMENTS) • A very clear structure of what is to come in the review is required to orient the reader. Although this may seem obvious to you but for most readers this will be their first exposure to your review. • Explain to reader what you going to discuss in the paper. • A road map present a schema for the reader, a way of communicating what information will follow and even how the rest of the paper is structured or divided into sections

11. SECTIONS AND SUBSECTIONS: MINI-ROAD MAPS • Divide the paper into several major sections that follow some natural divisions in the literature • Further divisions or subsections are also advisable within sections. • Sections and subsections not only delineate different topics but also ease the transition among different topics

12. EXPLICIT TOPIC SENTENCES • The first line of each paragraph should be clear, concise topic sentences that introduces the reader to the topic of the paragraph and what is to follow in that paragraph. • Ask yourself: • 1.Does each of my topic sentences communicate what is in each paragraph? 2.Do all the sentences that make up that paragraph fit that topic or is there extraneous information in that paragraph

13. TRANSITIONS • Well-worded transitions help the reader get from the last point to the subsequent point. • Your reader should not feel lost while going from one paragraph to another or from one section to another.

14. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS • The summary provides the concluding remarks that capture the essential parts of what you want the reader to take away from the section • A good summary and conclusion –provided not only a summary of the key elements of the literature review but also author point of view • You should go beyond just summarizing

15. DESCRIBING, ANALYZING AND SYNTHESIZING THE LITERATURE (CONT.) • The easiest way to review a paper is simply report what each study examined and what was found. • Each paragraph begins with the author’s name and date of study and then summarize the study in a paragraph. • THIS IS NOT A GOOD REVIEW. MORE OF AN ANNOTATED SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE THAN AN ANALYSIS OF THE LITERATURE

16. A good review not only describes the existing literature but also analyzes the literature so that the reader has a greater understanding of that literature. • One way of synthesizing a group of studies is to identify how individual studies are related to each other, where there is consistency and equivocal findings and what themes are evident in the literature.

17. DESCRIBING, ANALYZING AND SYNTHESIZING THE LITERATURE (cont.) • Prototype or classic studies • Integrating Articles within a Socio historical Context • Quantifying Patterns • Summarizing Studies on one variable • Tables • Design and Methodological Issues

18. Identify Problems • Drawing Conclusions

19. PROTOTYPE OR CLASSIC STUDIES • Sometimes you may find a large number of studies that employ a similar methodology • Other times, you may find a classic study or article that either started a line of research or stimulated a new direction in a line of research. • In such cases you can provide a brief description of the prototypical study or highlight the classic study in some other way.

20. INTEGRATING ARTICLES WITHIN A SOCIOHISTORICAL CONTEXT • Sometimes the previous research can be integrated into a chronological perspective that is helpful to the reader’s understanding of a phenomenon. • In taking a chronological perspective, these authors were able to integrate the previous literature into a larger socio historical context.

21. QUANTIFYING PATTERNS • Another effective way of summarizing a group of studies is to quantify patterns that you find across several studies.

22. SUMMARIZING STUDIES IN ONE VARIABLE • One way of analyzing a body of literature is to examine the effects of a single variable across a group of studies. • This type of analysis usually requires some way of systematically coding and analyzing the literature. • Thus, in analyzing a group studies , efficiency and brevity can often be accomplished by making a statement that summarize several investigations along common variable.

23. DESIGN AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES • Each type of research design and subsequent statistical analysis will have certain advantages. • Each particular study will have strengths and limitations based on the specific methodology employed. • This practice can also build a cogent rationale for the type of design you will be advocating in your own investigation.

24. IDENTIFY PROBLEMS • Often helping readers understand what the obstacles are in a particular line of research is useful. • Thus you may identify and list criticisms; deficiencies or limitations in the literature; methodological and theoretical problems with the past research.

25. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS • Is to draw a broad conclusion based on a group of studies. • Example: the authors are reviewing 15 years of research on psychological consequences of rape and integrating it for the reader.

26. WRITING STYLE AND PROCESS • Revising and polishing • Anticipating questions • Having a voice to review • Substantiating Claims and Plagiarism • Using Professional Jargon • Using Colloquial Language • Using repetition and parallel construction

27. REVISING AND POLISHING • One strategy to enhance clarity and conciseness is to revise and rewrite earlier drafts, preferably a few days after the first writing • Let the draft ‘cool’ a bit and give yourself some distance from it then return to revise and polish the writing, keeping in mind clarity and conciseness.

28. ANTICIPATING QUESTIONS • Part of writing is anticipating questions of readers and then revising the writing to answer those questions • Model of questions: 1.What evidence do you have to support this statement? 2.What this point is important? Etc.

29. USING PROFESSIONAL JARGON • Specialized terminology within a field is termed jargon. • Jargon as defined by Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary : “Jargon is the technical or characteristic idiom of a special activity or group” Example using the term ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ interchangeably- can be confusing.

30. USING COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE • One important aspect of writing scientifically is being able to differentiate colloquial terminology from scientific terminology • Colloquial language is used commonly is conversation not in scientific written discourse

31. USING REPETITION AND PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION • Using repetition and parallel forms can enhance comprehension. • But use a simple word (ayat aktif) not a repeated words in order to make a long sentence. • The more you use a repetition, the more the reader know your low ability in constructing the words or phrase.