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Minerals

Amethyst. Halite. Minerals. January 2008. Calcite. Quartz. Mineral. Feldspar. Naturally Occurring Inorganic Solid Crystalline solid Unique order of its internal atomic arrangement of its elements Examples Halite – Table salt, NaCl, Cubic crystals Ice – Hexagonal snowflakes make ice.

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Minerals

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  1. Amethyst Halite Minerals January 2008 Calcite Quartz

  2. Mineral Feldspar • Naturally Occurring • Inorganic Solid • Crystalline solid • Unique order of its internal atomic arrangement of its elements • Examples • Halite – Table salt, NaCl, Cubic crystals • Ice – Hexagonal snowflakes make ice

  3. Chemistry of the Earth • Element – Substance composed of atoms having a unique # of protons • Atom – • Smallest unit of which an element can be divided that still retains characteristics of the element • Electronically neutral. • Ions – Atoms whose outer shell not filled completely with electrons Taken From: http://www.biocrawler.com/w/images/d/d8/Atom_diagram.png

  4. Building Blocks of Earth • Ions  Molecules  Minerals  Rocks • Na1+ & Cl1-  NaCl Halite Crystal Taken From: http://www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week2/mineral.htm http://volcano.instr.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/img/SiO4.gif http://www.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/zoisite/zoisite.jpg

  5. Most atoms occur in nature as ions + ions are small - ions are large Taken From: http://www.geo.umn.edu/courses/1031/Summer1996/images/fig.6.1.gif

  6. Chemical Bonds • Ionic– Bond with ions transferring electrons • Example • NaCl • Covalent– Bond with atoms sharing electrons • Example • Diamond • Metallic – Bond with atoms sharing electrons • Example • Copper • Van der Waals Force - Weak force between molecules • Example • Gives graphite a slippery feel Taken From: http://www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week2/mineral.htm http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/K12/chemistry/Waals.html

  7. Ionic Bond • Formed by electrostatic attractions of ions of opposite charges • NaCl, rock salt, halite Taken From: http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_chlorine/docs/images/sodium_crystal.gif

  8. Rules for Crystal Structures of Ionic Minerals • Pack larger – ions around smaller + ions • Ions packed tightly to save space • Size of ions gives rise to specific packing arrangement • Example • Composition of Earth’s Crust • Silicate Minerals • Minerals distinguished by an abundance of silicon and oxygen atoms • ~4000 minerals known

  9. Taken From: http://www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week2/mineral.htm

  10. Element (charge) O (1-) Si (+) Al (+) Fe (+) Ca (+) Na (+) K (+) Mg (+) Weight (%) 46 27.7 8.1 5.0 3.6 2.8 2.6 2.1 Abundant Elements in the Earth’s Crust

  11. Mineral Properties Hardness- Distinct quality determined by Moh’s hardness scale Color- Minerals can be identified by color Gives indication of composition of mineral Luster- Appearance of light that is reflected from a mineral’s surface Crystal form- Internal arrangement of atoms Cleavage- Tendency of a mineral to break along preferred crystalline planes that are weakly bonded Chemical- Testing Normally HCl used Fizz = carbonate mineral Specific Gravity- How heavy the mineral feels Magnetic- Whether or not it is attracted to a magnet Fe present Identification of Minerals

  12. Moh’s Hardness Scale http://www.naturalsciences.org/funstuff/notebook/geology/Mohs-hardness-scale.jpg http://visionlearning.com/library/modules/mid130/Image/VLObject-3337-050515120556.gif

  13. This image shows some of the most common minerals you'll find in rocks. This pile contains plagioclase feldspar, potassium feldspar, quartz, muscovite mica, biotite mica, amphibole, olivine, and calcite. Can you identify any of them? Click on any mineral for a close up view. Use this link to get to USGS to complete this exersize. Taken From: http://www2.nature.nps.gov/GEOLOGY/usgsnps/rxmin/mineral.html

  14. The Many Colors of Fluorite Color • Yellow • Sulfur Present • Olivine • Absorbs all colors except for green • Safire- Blue Corundrum • Fe and Ti are dissolved into crystal http://geology.csupomona.edu/alert/mineral/color.htm

  15. Examples of "Common" colored minerals

  16. http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/Geol101/labs/minerals/http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/Geol101/labs/minerals/

  17. http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/Minerals/images/cleavage.gifhttp://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/Minerals/images/cleavage.gif

  18. Silicates • Basic Building Block and Most Abundant Mineral in Crust • SiO4 (Formal Charge (4-)) • Tetrahedron • Formal charge of corners, 1- Taken From: http://www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week2/mineral.htm http://wapi.isu.edu/Geo_Pgt/Mod03_PlanetaryEvo/images/SiO4tetr2.GIF

  19. Neutralization of Negative Charge • Linkage: Linkage of SiO4-4 tetra through + ion of Mg • Sharing: SiO4-4tetra together at a common corner • Loss of 1-Oxygen in process of bonding • 3-D Image Taken From: http://www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week2/mineral.htm http://www.winona.edu/geology/MRW/mrwimages/silstruct.jpg

  20. Structure Gives Properties • Single Chain of SiO3 • Double Chain of Si2O4 = amphibole • Due to structure this structure rips off in sheets • Mica Taken by: http://www.visionlearning.com/library/modules/mid140/Image/VLObject-3541-051230031227.jpg http://courses.missouristate.edu/EMantei/Mineralogy/silicates.html http://www.angelstarcreations.com/rocks_minerals/mineral_list_files/image001.png

  21. Taken From: http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/Thomas/lteng/engeimg/enge0253.GIF

  22. To Identify a Mineral Halite • Breakage • Cleavage – Breaking along planes of weakness • Ex. Halite • Cubic Cleavage = 90° Break • Fracture- • Mostly rocks • Streak • Specific Gravity • Color • Hardness • Moh’s Hardness Scale • Chemical Testing • Dilute HCl • Carbonates Fizz Obsidian Taken From: http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/2SedimentaryMineralz/Calcite_Dolomite.html http://www.es.ucl.ac.uk/schools/Glossary/obsidian.jpg

  23. Environmentally Important Rock (and soil) Forming Minerals • Silicates • Non-Silicates

  24. Silicates • Quartz • Backbone of Crust • Properties • Pure Silicate Si & O • Light Color • No cleavage • Glass, Waxy • Resistant to Weathering • Occurrence • Igneous • Metamorphic • Sedimentary

  25. Silicates • Feldspar Group • 50% of Crust • Properties • Ca, Na, K, Al silicate • Light Color • 2 Cleavage Directions • Easily Weathered • Sedimentary Weathers Away • Occurrence • I, M Na/Ca Feldspar K Feldspar

  26. Taken from: http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/AskGeoImages/Feldspar.gif

  27. Silicates • Ferromagnesian Group • Properties • Fe, Mg, Ca Silicate • Dark colored • May or may not have cleavage • Easily weathered • Sedimentary will weather away • Occurrence • I, M http://www.cropsoil.uga.edu/soilsandhydrology/Important%20Rocks%20&%20Minerals.htm

  28. Silicates • Clay Mineral Group • Properties: • Hydrous K, Al silicate • Light to intermediate color • Perfect direction of cleavage • Weathering Product** • Note Feldspar Weathers to Clay • Occurrence • S Taken From: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geology/geologictopics/rocks/common_clay.jpg

  29. Taken From: http://www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week2/mineral.htm

  30. Non-Silicates • Hematite • Properties • Fe oxide, Red in Color • No Cleavage • Metallic to Earthy • Weathering Product • Important in Soil • Occurrence • S Taken From: http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photoiron.html

  31. Non-Silicates • Limonite • Properties • Hydrous Fe Oxide, Red, Brown • No Cleavage • Weathering product • Occurrence • S Taken From: http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photoiron.html

  32. Non-Silicates • Calcite • Properties • CaCO3 • Light Colored • 3 directions of perfect cleavage • Glassy • Easily Weathered • Bubbles in Dilute HCl • Occurrence • S, M http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/2SedimentaryMineralz/Calcite_Dolomite/CalciteColorsRhombs.JPG

  33. Non-Silicates • Pyrite • Properties • FeS2 • Brass Yellow • No Cleavage • Metallic • Easily Weathered • Occurrence • S http://www.california-gold-rush-miner.us/gold-minerals.htm

  34. References • http://www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week2/mineral.htm • http://www.minvision.com/mvpics/0275331001148477692730993.jpg • http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~adg/images/minerals/q/amethyst.jpg • http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Slideshow/Serocks/halite5.jpg • http://www.biocrawler.com/w/images/d/d8/Atom_diagram.png • http://volcano.instr.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/img/SiO4.gif • http://wapi.isu.edu/Geo_Pgt/Mod03_PlanetaryEvo/images/SiO4tetr2.GIF • http://www.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/zoisite/zoisite.jpg • http://www.geo.umn.edu/courses/1031/Summer1996/images/fig.6.1.gif • http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/K12/chemistry/Waals.html • http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_chlorine/docs/images/sodium_crystal.gif • http://www.winona.edu/geology/MRW/mrwimages/silstruct.jpg • http://www.visionlearning.com/library/modules/mid140/Image/VLObject-3541-051230031227.jpg • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://courses.missouristate.edu/EMantei/Mineralogy/siliino1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://courses.missouristate.edu/EMantei/Mineralogy/silicates.html&h=126&w=218&sz=5&hl=en&start=17&um=1&tbnid=JMYCNfZErpt_LM:&tbnh=62&tbnw=107&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstructure%2Bof%2Bsingle%2Bchain%2Bsilicate%2Bminerals%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den • http://www.angelstarcreations.com/rocks_minerals/mineral_list_files/image001.png • http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/Thomas/lteng/engeimg/enge0253.GIF • http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/2SedimentaryMineralz/Calcite_Dolomite.html • http://www.es.ucl.ac.uk/schools/Glossary/obsidian.jpg • http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/AskGeoImages/Feldspar.gif • http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/1IgneousMineralz/Feldspars/FeldsparCleavages.jpg • http://www2.nature.nps.gov/GEOLOGY/usgsnps/rxmin/mineral.html • http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/2SedimentaryMineralz/Calcite_Dolomite/CalciteColorsRhombs.JPG • http://www.california-gold-rush-miner.us/gold-minerals.htm • http://www.naturalsciences.org/funstuff/notebook/geology/Mohs-hardness-scale.jpg • http://visionlearning.com/library/modules/mid130/Image/VLObject-3337-050515120556.gif • http://www.ferroalloy.info/ • http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photoiron.html • http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geology/geologictopics/rocks/common_clay.jpg • http://www.cropsoil.uga.edu/soilsandhydrology/Important%20Rocks%20&%20Minerals.htm

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