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Promoting Integrity in the Next Generation of Researchers

Promoting Integrity in the Next Generation of Researchers. A Curriculum for Responsible Conduct of Research in Occupational Therapy (2005) Funded by the Office of Research Integrity through the American Association of Medical Colleges. Peer Review. Objectives. Describe types of peer review.

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Promoting Integrity in the Next Generation of Researchers

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  1. Promoting Integrity in theNext Generation of Researchers A Curriculum for Responsible Conduct of Research in Occupational Therapy (2005) Funded by the Office of Research Integrity through the American Association of Medical Colleges

  2. Peer Review

  3. Objectives • Describe types of peer review. • Describe principles and policies that guide peer review. • Given cases, discuss the dilemmas, problems, solutions, and preventive actions associated with peer review issues. • Commit yourself to being honorable in the peer reviews that you may perform.

  4. Definition • Peer review is an assessment of grant proposal, manuscript or other work by an expert (peer). • Peer review is used to make decisions about research funding and dissemination at conferences and peer-reviewed journals such as AJOT or OTJR

  5. Goal of Peer Review • To provide a reliable, honest, unbiased judgment of a work’s • Importance • Quality • Offer ways to improve the work (American Medical Association, 1997)

  6. Peer Review Relies On • Honest and unbiased judgment by informed individuals

  7. Types of Peer Reviews • Open: Authors and reviewer know each others identities • Single–masked: Reviewer knows the authors’ identities, but authors do not know the reviewer’s identity • Double-masked: Neither reviewer nor authors know each others’ identities

  8. Peer Review Demands Six Things • Competence: Decline to review a work if you are not expert • Control for any bias: Bring any real or apparent, potential, or real conflicts of interest or biases to the attention of the editor or funder • Promptness: Perform a prompt review

  9. Six Rules of Peer Review (continued) • Confidentiality: Keep all aspects of the review confidential. Do not even disclose that you have performed a review on a specific topic. • Security: Do not use a reviewed work as a private source of information. • Constructive Criticism: Suggest ways to improve the work (Magnus & Kalichman, 2002)

  10. Ethical Challenges to Peer Review • Peer review process relies on expert volunteers • Butexperts are most likely to benefit from privileged materials And experts are most likely to have conflict of interests And, if experts recuse themselves, only the unknowing will be available to review

  11. Managing Peer Review Conflict of Interest • Disclosure • Management • Avoidance (Shamoo & Resnick, 2003)

  12. Disclosure • Disclose the potential conflict of interest to an objective and interested, but independent, third party such as : • The journal editor • The grant manager • The article’s readers (Shamoo & Resnick, 2003b)

  13. Management • Have independent but interested third party establish rules and policies to control the conflicting interests through • oversight, safeguards, or added vigilance such as: • Study design reviewed by uninvolved individuals • Article or grant reviewed more closely or by additional reviewers (Shamoo & Resnick, 2003b)

  14. Avoidance • Last resort • Remove researcher from a particular review • It is unethical to use conflict of interest as an excuse to avoid professional service review responsibilities

  15. Resources • American Medical Association. (1997) Manual of style (9th ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. • International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. (2004, October). Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals: Writing and editing for biomedical publication. Retrieved August 20, 2005, from http://www.icmje.org/.

  16. Resources (continued) • Magnus, P. D., & Kalichman, M. (2002, September). Peer review. Retrieved August 20, 2005, from RCR Education Resources, Online Resource for RCR Instructors: http://rcrec.org/r/index.php?module=ContentExpress&func=display&meid=78&ceid=44. • Magnus, P. D., & Kalichman, M. (2002b, September). Conflicts of interest. Retrieved August 20, 2005, from RCR Education Resource, Online Resource for RCR Instructors: http://rcrec.org/r/index.php?module=ContentExpress&func=display&meid=76&ceid=42.

  17. Resources (continued) • Shamoo, A. E., & Resnik, D. B. (2003). Responsible conduct of research. New York: Oxford University Press.

  18. This completes the presentation on Peer Review THANK YOU!

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