Science and Politics

1. Galileo Galilei Nicolaus Copernicus Science and Politics Nick, Shrav, Duncan and Stephen Isaac Newton William Harvey

2. Key Terminology • Witchcraft Persecution: reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas • Scientific Revolution: culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages • Frederick the Great: Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy

3. Key Terms cont. • Absolute Monarchy: concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies • Louis XIV: French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy • Glorious Revolution: English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king • Parliamentary Monarchy: Originated in England and Holland, 17th Century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments

4. Key Terms cont. • Deism: Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun • Enlightenment: Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior

5. Key Terms cont. • Adam Smith: Established liberal economies; argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces • Mary Wollstonecraft: Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women

6. POLITICS • Nation States • Masses had common culture and language • Government provided more aids • Parliamentary Monarchs • Power to the People • England, Netherland • Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) • Absolute Monarchs • Power to the King • Spain, Prussia, Austria-Hungary • Louis XIV of France Political Patterns • Not that significant (no major changes) • Seven Years War • Frederick the Great offered religious freedom • Enlightenment • Scientific Advance • Age of reason • Commerce and Manufacturing • Positive • World Crop Increase (Potato) • Increased Food Supply • Conclusion • Great innovation and instability • Proud Westerners • Christianity and Rationale

7. Astronomers and Ideologists • Copernicus-Polish astronomer who was responsible for the now accepted theory that the earth and the other planets move around the sun. • Kepler- German astronomer and mathematician who is considered the founder of celestial mechanics. Studied elliptical of earth and planets closest to the sun. • Galileo-1564-1642, Italian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. He discovered the isochronisms of the pendulum and demonstrated that falling bodies of different weights descend at the same rate and perfected refracting of the telescope. • William Harvey-William, 1578–1657, English physician: discoverer of the circulation of the blood. • Rene Descartes-1596-1650, French philosopher and mathematician. He provided a mechanistic basis for the philosophical theory of dualism and is regarded as the founder of modern philosophy. • Isaac Newton- Sir Isaac, 1642–1727, English philosopher and mathematician: formulator of the law of gravitation. • John Locke-A seventeenth-century English philosopher Locke argued against the belief that human beings are born with certain ideas already in their minds. Copernicus (astronomer) Kepler (astronomer) Galileo (astronomer) William Harvey (biologist) Descartes (philosopher) Isaac Newton (Phycist) John Locke (Enlightenment Thinker)

8. Concepts from the Scientific Revolution • Planetary Motion and the center of the universe • Ptolemy • Greek astronomer proposed theory regarding the planetary motion. • His theory was called Geocentric Theory of Planetary Motion. • According to this theory, all the heavenly bodies like sun, stars, planets, moon etc. are moving around the earth, which is stationary and is taken as the centre of the universe. • Deism- god is to only set natural laws in place • belief in the existence of a god on the evidence of reason and nature only, with rejection of supernatural revelation (distinguished from theism).

9. Interesting facts • The advance of Science reduced the persecutions of accused witches. • The broom stick was used for cleansing rituals not for flying. • The witches hat at one time represented authority and the respect from the local community. • A witches familiar is not always a cat but can be anything from a spirit to a door mouse. • Witch craft is considered pagan but can have elements of many other religions including Christianity.