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Carbon Cycles Through Organisms

Learn how cells transform energy through processes like cellular respiration, the role of ATP as an energy currency, and the significance of phosphorylation in releasing and transferring energy within organisms.

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Carbon Cycles Through Organisms

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  1. Carbon Cycles Through Organisms autotrophes heterotrophes

  2. All Cells Respire Plants don’t do photosynthesis FOR animals They metabolize the sugars themselves!

  3. Respiration Transforms Energy Anaerobically (without O2): 4 ATP Aerobically: 38 ATP It’s catabolic! Its exergonic! It’s redox! It’s enzyme-facilitated!

  4. Recall: Catabolic & Exergonic - breaking down & releasing energy Redox - transferring e- Enzyme facilitated glucose oxygen releasing nrg forming water

  5. Fuel the Body to fuel the cells 1. Consume organic molecules • carbohydrates, lipids, proteins 2. Digest them, releasing energy • catabolic rxn 3. Cells transform released energy into a useable form; an energy currency • a vehicle to pass energy around • a short term energy storage molecule ATP

  6. ATP -Adenosine TriPhosphate • A modified nucleotide adenine + ribose + PO4- AMP AMP + PO4- ADP ADP + PO4- ATP • • adding the P is key! • phosphorylation

  7. O– O– O– O– O– O– O– O– P P P P P P P P –O –O –O O– O– O– –O –O –O O– O– O– –O –O O– O– O O O O O O O O ATP stores energy ~ Each PO4- more difficult to add • negative to negative • a lot of stored energy in each bond (most in the third) AMP ADP ATP • ~ Final Pgroup pops off easily & transfers energy • • bonding of Pgroups is unstable • • instability makes ATP a great energy donor

  8. O– O– O– O– P P P P –O O– –O O– –O –O O– O– O O O O Phosphorylation Transfers Energy • ATP  ADP : Releases energy • Use to fuel other reactions : Phosphorylation • released PO4- transferred to another molecule destabilizes the other molecule by stealing e- • phosphorylation facilitated by enzyme kinase 7.3 kcal + ADP ATP

  9. + P ATP / ADP are cycled ATP • ATP is unstable ~ good energy donor ~ poor energy storage too reactive; transfers P easily ~ a renewable resource ADP A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second

  10. P ATP C 2 hexokinase C 2 ADP phosphofructokinase H C P Phosphorylation Occurs in Glycolysis Phosphate transfer activates the breakdown of glucose glucose C-C-C-C-C-C P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P P-C-C-C C-C-C-P PGAL - Phosphoglyceraldehyde….. becoming Pyruvate

  11. 2 ATP Glycolysis ‘sugar’ + ‘break apart’ Occurs in cytoplasm (cytosol) of all organisms 10 step biochemical pathway Enzyme - facilitated Reactant: 6 C glucose + 2 ATP Product: two 3C pyruvate +4 ATP + 2 NADH e- e- NADH NADH?

  12. 4 ATP Start here Got fructose? Enter pathway here Invest 2 ATP phosphorylate PGAL e- e- 2 NADH Again, NADH??

  13. Electron Transfer Molecules *NAD+ coenzymes NADH ^FAD cofactors FADH2 oxidizingreducing donates e-accepts e- *Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ^Flavin adenine dinucleotide

  14. Pyruvate options Anaerobic options All Organisms plants & animals yeast bacteria muscle cells

  15. Anaerobic Resp v1 : alcoholic fermentation 3 C Pyruvate acetlyaldehyde + CO2 2 C ethanol

  16. Anaerobic Resp v1 : alcoholic fermentation Ethanol is toxic to yeast at about 12% limiting the alcohol content of naturally fermented products some bacteria & yeast

  17. Fermentation v2: Lactate 3 C Pyruvate 3 C lactate (lactic acid) (No CO2)

  18. Fermentation v2: Lactate

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