Welcome to the Session

1. Welcome to the Session National Income Accounting

2. National Income Accounting • National Income Accounting Defined • Circular Flow of Economic Activity • Measures of Output GDP/GNP/NDP/NNP/NI/DI/DPI • Nominal GDP vs Real GDP • GDP Per Capita • Inflation and Price Index • Interest Rate and Real Interest Rate • Shortcomings of GDP as a Measure of Economic Well-Being

3. Measures of Output (Production) • National Income Accounting refers to the measurement of aggregate economic activity, particularly national income and its components. • Aggregate = Total or Gross

4. Revenue (=GDP) Spending (=GDP) MARKETS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES Good and services sold Good and services bought HOUSEHOLDS FIRMS Land, labor and capital Inputs for Production MARKETS FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION Income (=GDP) Wages, rent, interest and profit (=GDP) Flow of goods & services Flow of money: Taka THE CIRCULAR FLOW DIAGRAM

5. Measures of Output (Production) • Gross Domestic Product is the total monetary value of final output produced within a nations borders in a given time period at current market prices • Gross Domestic Product is also referred to as • Nominal Gross Domestic Product • Current Gross Domestic Product

6. Definition of GDP • The market value of good i (Vi) is equal to PiQi • GDP = sum of the market values of all final goods and services produced within the year.

7. Measuring Gross Domestic Product • The Expenditures Approach • C + I + G + (Xn) = GDP • The Flow of Income Approach • Households supply business with the factors of production in return for payment in the form of wages, profits, rent, and interest • The Value Added Approach • Adds the increase in value at each stage of the production and distribution process

8. GDP includes final goods and services only • Final goods - goods and services that are not purchased for the purpose of producing other goods and services or for resale • Eg. Rice (final) and unhusked rice (intermediate product) • Including intermediate goods and final goods will result in “double counting”.

9. Three Approaches for measuring GDP • Expenditure Approach (upper loop) – measures GDP as the sum of expenditures on final goods and services. • Income Approach (lower loop) – measures GDP as the sum of incomes of factors of production (wages, rent, interest and profit. • Value-added Approach – measures GDP as the sum of value added at each stage of production (from initial to final stage)

10. Expenditure Approach • Uses the upper loop of the circular flow diagram. • Example: Suppose the economy has only one product, namely, rice.

11. Income Approach Uses the lower loop of the circular flow diagram: sum of payments to the various factors of production. Suppose that in the production of rice the sales and expenses are as follows:

12. Suppose that rice is the only final product of an economy: It goes through several (3) stages of production. Value Added Approach

13. Two Things to Avoid when Compiling GDP • Multiple counting • Only expenditures on final products – what consumers, businesses, and government units buy for their own use belong in GDP • Intermediate goods are not counted • Used goods are not counted • Transfer payments • Transfer payments are not payments for currently produced goods and services • When they are spent for final goods and services they will go into GDP as consumer spending

14. Various Measures of Aggregate Economic Activity • GDP (Gross Domestic Product) - or + Net Factor Income GNP - Depreciation NNP - Indirect Business Tax National Income - RE + TP Disposable Income - Personal Tax Disposable Personal Income

15. Per Capita GDP • Per Capita GDP calculations attempt to give us additional information about how we are doing as an economy. • Per Capita GDP calculations may be a better measure of the standard of living. • For citizens living in the same country over time • For comparing standards of living between citizens of different countries

16. Per Capita Nominal GDP GDP Per capita GDP= -------------------------------- Population

17. Per Capita Real GDP To compare per capita GDP in one year with that of another year we have to correct for inflation. In other words, we really need to revise our formula Real GDP Per capita real GDP= -------------------------------- Population

18. Nominal GDP and Real GDP Nominal GDP measures the value of output in a given period in the prices of that period, or, as it is sometimes put, in current prices. Real GDP measures changes in physical output in the economy between different time periods by valuing all goods produced in the two periods at the same prices, or in constant prices. Nominal GDP Real GDP= -------------------------------- GDP Deflator

19. The GDP Deflator GDP deflator is the ratio of nominal GDP in a given year to real GDP of that year. Nominal GDP Real GDP= -------------------------------- GDP Deflator

20. Nominal Vs. Real GDP GDP Deflator= NGDP/RGDP= 7875/6500=1.21

21. Inflation and Prices Inflation is the rate of change in prices, and the price level is the accumulation of past inflations. If Pt-1 represents the price level last year and Pt represents today’s price level, then the inflation rate over the past year can be written as Pt - Pt-1 Inflation rate= -------------------------------- Pt-1

22. Shortcomings of GDP as a Measure of National Economic Well-being • Problems of GDP Measurement • Non Market Activities (Household production) • Imprecise Pricing of Govt. Activity • Illegal production • The underground economy • Use of Resources to Avoid ‘Bad’ • Treatment of leisure time • Quality of Goods