THE AUSTRAL REALM (FOCUS ON AUSTRALIA)

1. THE AUSTRAL REALM(FOCUS ON AUSTRALIA) (CHAPTER 11)

2. MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES • RELATIVE LOCATION AND ISOLATION – developed during the breakup of Gondwanaland (Pangaea). Led to development of some of the most unique animals and plants on the planet – Kangaroos, Koalas, ant eaters, eucalyptus, etc. • PERIPHERAL DEVELOPMENT/ HIGHLY CLUSTERED URBAN POPULATIONS – around the sea. • CHANGING HUMAN GEOGRAPHY – through Asian immigration & Aboriginal activism • EXPORTERS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS

3. BIOGEOGRAPHY • A SUB-FIELD OF GEOGRAPHY- THE SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF FLORA AND FAUNA • EVOLVED FROM THE OVERLAP BETWEEN GEOGRAPHY AND BIOLOGY • ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT (1769-1859) IS RECOGNIZED AS THE FOUNDER • SUBDIVIDED INTO 2 MAIN BRANCHES: • ZOOGEOGRAPHY – study of animal life • PHYTOGEOGRAPHY – study of plant life

4. AUSTRALIA’S PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS It’s ten times the size of Texas!

5. CLIMATE

6. AUSTRALIA • A FEDERAL STATE SINCE 1901 • POPULATION OF 20.3 MILLION • ABORIGINAL POPULATION OF 400,000 (2%) • ARITHMETIC DENSITY OF 6.8/SQ MI • PHYSIOLOGIC DENSITY OF 113/SQ MI • GNI OF $28,290 • 91% URBANIZED • MAJOR URBAN CENTERS • SYDNEY (4.5 MILLION) • MELBOURNE (3.7 MILLION) • CANBERRA (345,000)- CAPITAL

7. SYDNEY

8. POLITICAL DIVISIONS

9. THE OUTBACK • EXTENSIVE GRASSLAND PASTURES • SUPPORT ONE OF THE WORLD’S LARGEST SHEEP AND CATTLE INDUSTRIES • A FRAGILE ENVIRONMENT

10. THE INTERIOR

11. AUSTRALIA’S ECONOMY • PRINCIPAL PATTERNS: • EXPORTS RAW MATERIALS • BASED HEAVILY ON THE PRIMARY SECTOR ACTIVITIES • DEPENDS ON WORLD MARKETS • IMPORT-SUBSTITUTION INDUSTRIES • SMALL DOMESTIC MARKET • TRADE LINKS WITH ASIAN TIGERS

12. AGRICULTURE & MINERAL RESOURCES

13. ABORIGINAL ISSUES • POPULATION DATES FROM 50,000-60,000 YEARS AGO, pg 584. • 1980s - CAMPAIGN AGAINST MINING AND EXPLORATION OF TRADITIONAL LANDS • 1992: ABORIGINES CAN CLAIM TITLE TO TRADITIONAL LAND • 1993: NATIVE TITLE BILL – Natives could now obtain titles to their “vacant” land • 1996: LEGAL REVIEW OF PASTORAL LEASES • CURRENT LAND ISSUES

14. ABORIGINAL CLAIMS

15. IMPACT OF FIRE IN NEW SOUTH WALES

16. E.J. PALKA BEACH ALONG AUSTRALIA’S EAST COAST

17. NORTH QUEENSLAND SUGARCANE FIELD E.J. PALKA TEA PLANTATION E.J. PALKA

18. THE AUSTRAL REALM II(NEW ZEALAND)

19. NEW ZEALAND • TWO MAJOR ISLANDS (NORTH AND SOUTH) AND MANY SMALLER • MOUNTAINOUS ENVIRONMENTS • POPULATION OF 4.2 MILLION, OF WHICH 75% ARE EUROPEAN • MAORI HERITAGE (POLYNESIAN ROOTS), BUT A MINORITY TODAY OF LESS THAN 600,000 • ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES - herding

20. NEW ZEALAND’S RELATIVE LOCATION (ASTRIDE PLATE BOUNDARIES)

21. THE IMPACT

22. POPULATION OVERVIEW • 4.2 MILLION PEOPLE • MAORI MINORITY OF ABOUT 14% • ARITHEMETIC DENSITY: 39.8/SQ MI • LIFE EXPECTANCY: MALE (76); FEMALE (81) • 78% URBANIZED • GNI: $21,120 • AUCKLAND: 1.2 MILLION

23. LAND-USE PATTERNS

25. COMMONALITIES(AUSTRALIA & NEW ZEALAND) • BRITISH HERITAGE • PASTORAL ECONOMIES • SMALL INTERNAL MARKETS • CHALLENGES OF DISTANCE AND REMOTE LOCATION • HIGH % URBANIZATION • PERIPHERAL DEVELOPMENT • CONCERNS WITH INDIGENOUS PEOPLES • EXCELLENT QUALITY OF LIFE FOR MOST

26. AUCKLAND, NORTH ISLAND HIGHLY URBANIZED ON COASTAL MARGINS

27. THE MAORI FACTOR/COMPLAINTS • TREATY OF WAITANGI, 1840 • LAND AND FISHING RIGHTS • LACK OF INTEGRATION INTO REST OF SOCIETY • HISTORICAL LAND CLAIMS (SOUTH ISLAND)