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Aldehydes (p. 33)

This article delves into the classification and naming conventions of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. Aldehydes feature a carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain, while ketones possess it within the chain. Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group and are found at terminal positions. Comprehensive naming rules are provided, including examples like ethanal (for aldehydes) and hexanoic acid (for carboxylic acids). The article also contains structural diagrams and examples to illustrate key concepts, fostering a deeper understanding of organic chemistry.

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Aldehydes (p. 33)

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  1. Aldehydes (p. 33) • Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to the beginning (1st Carbon) or end (last Carbon) of a parent carbon chain. • General form: O O R-C-H H-C-R • Naming: • Drop the “e” from the alkane name and add “al”

  2. Example O C-C-H Ethane Ethanal

  3. Name: O C O C-C-C-C 2-methyl-1,4-butanedial (you are supposed to keep the “e”)

  4. Ketones • Organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to carbons within the parent carbon chain (not at the beginning or end). • General form: O R-C-R’ • Naming: • Drop the “e” from the alkane name and add “one”. • Give the position # for the carbonyl.

  5. Example: O C-C-C 2-propanone

  6. Example: CO O C-C-C-C-C-C 5-methyl-2,3-hexanedione

  7. Carboxylic Acids (p. 34) • Carboxyl group: O or O C-OH HO-C • Organic compounds that contain a carboxyl functional group. • Can only be on the ends.

  8. Carboxylic Acids (p. 44) O • General formula: R-C-OH • Naming: • If one carboxyl group • Drop the “e” from the alkane name and add “-oic acid”. (No number needed for the carboxyl group)

  9. Example: O C-C-C-C-C-C-OH hexanoic acid

  10. Example: CO C-C-C-C-C-C-OH 5-methyl hexanoic acid

  11. If more that one carboxyl group. • One on each end of the parent chain. • -dioic acid.

  12. Example: OO HO-C-C-C-C-OH 1,4-butanedioic acid

  13. Example: OC-C O HO-C-C-C-C-C-C-OH 2-ethyl-1,6-hexanedioic acid

  14. Draw:4-ethyl-5-methyl-4-propyl octanedial C O C CO C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C

  15. Draw:6-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-2,3-hexanedione O O C Cl C-C-C-C-C-C C

  16. Draw:4-bromo-2-ethyl-4-iodopentanoic acid Br O C-C-C-C-C-OH I C C

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