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Surface area of the solute Stirring or shaking

Section 2 The Solution Process. Chapter 12. Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution. Surface area of the solute Stirring or shaking. Increase temperatures. Visual Concepts. Chapter 12. Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution. Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept.

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Surface area of the solute Stirring or shaking

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  1. Section2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution • Surface area of the solute • Stirring or shaking • Increase temperatures

  2. Visual Concepts Chapter 12 Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  3. Section2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Particle Model for Soluble and Insoluble Substances

  4. Section2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Particle Model for Soluble and Insoluble Substances

  5. Section2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 • Solution equilibrium- physical state in which the opposing processes of dissolution and crystallization of a solute occur at the same rates.

  6. Section2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 • Saturated solution - solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute • If more solute is added to a saturated solution, it falls to the bottom of the container and does not dissolve. • Unsaturated solution - solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution

  7. Mass of Solute Added Versus Mass of Solute Dissolved Section2 The Solution Process Chapter 12

  8. Section2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 • Supersaturated solution - solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution contains under the same conditions. • A supersaturated solution will form crystals of solute if disturbed or more solute is added.

  9. Section2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Solubility Values • Solubility- amount of substance required to form a saturated solution with a specific amount of solvent at a specified temperature. • example:The solubility of sugar is 204 g per 100 g of water at 20°C.

  10. Visual Concepts Chapter 12 Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  11. Section2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Solute-Solvent Interactions • “Like dissolves like” • What makes substances similar depends on: • type of bonding • polarity or nonpolarity of molecules • intermolecular forces between the solute and solvent

  12. Visual Concepts Chapter 12 Like Dissolves Like Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  13. Section2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Dissolving Ionic Compounds in Aqueous Solution The hydration of the ionic solute lithium chloride is shown below.

  14. Section2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Liquid Solutes and Solvents • Immiscible - liquids that are not soluble in each • Miscible - liquids that dissolve freely in one another

  15. Visual Concepts Chapter 12 Comparing Miscible and Immiscible Liquids Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  16. Section2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Effects of Pressure on Solubility • Increases in pressure increase gas solubilities in liquids. • An equilibrium is established between a gas above a liquid solvent and the gas dissolved in a liquid.

  17. Visual Concepts Chapter 12 Pressure, Temperature, and Solubility of Gases Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  18. Section2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 • Henry’s law- solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid. • Effervescence - rapid escape of a gas from a liquid in which it is dissolved

  19. Visual Concepts Chapter 12 Henry’s Law Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  20. Visual Concepts Chapter 12 Effervescence Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  21. Section2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Effects of Temperature on Solubility • Increasing the temperature usually decreases gas solubility. • Increasing the temperature usually increases solubility of solids in liquids

  22. Section2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Solubility vs. Temperature

  23. Section2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Enthalpies of Solution • The formation of a solution is accompanied by an energy change. • Enthalpy of solution - net amount of energy absorbed as heat by the solution when a specific amount of solute dissolves in a solvent

  24. Section2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Enthalpies of Solution The diagram above shows the enthalpy changes that occur during the formation of a solution.

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