SCPY 661 Effects and applications of low energy ion beam with polymeric- and biomaterials

1. SCPY 661 � Effects and applications of low energy ion beam with polymeric- and biomaterials Harry J. Whitlow Department of Physics PO Box 35 (YFL) FIN-40014 University of Jyv�skyl� Finland Harry_J.Whitlow@phys.jyu.fi

2. Part�I Course details Introduction of the lecturer Course objectives Mode of instruction Topics Examination Mid-term examinations Exercises

3. Harry J. Whitlow Born 1954, London UK Career 1972- 76 University of Bath UK (BSc(hons)1976, DSc 1999 ) 1977 Brighton Poly/Philips Research labs (MSc) 1977-81 University of Sussex (D. Phil 1981)  1981-83 Postdoc Univ. of Aarhus Denmark 1983-85 Researcher, University of Helsinki, Finland 1985-90 Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm (docent 1987) 1990-2004 Lund University (Professor 2000) 2004-present University of Jyv�skyl�, Finland (Professor 2004)

4. Course objectives Course objectives This postgraduate course is intended to give training in the central aspects of the interaction of low-energy ions with biological and polymer materials.  After completing the course the students will have knowledge on the basic interactions, how these modify polymer and biological materials, the equipment and practical considerations as well as how these can be applied in practice in applications.

5. Instruction Mode of instruction The course consists of 45 h of lectures and 10 h of exercises. In addition 50 h of private study is needed. Language The course and exercise classes are taught in English. Credits 3 ECTS,� (=�105� hours of full-time study)

6. Topics - I Lecture 1 : Overview Definitions of low energy ion, biological materials, polymer (electroluminescent) Lecture 2 : Introduction to Materials Science Introduction to Polymer e.g. electroluminescent, Introduction to Biomolecules such as DNA Lecture 3 : Basic ion sources Different type of ion sources

7. Topics - II Lecture 4 : Ion sources and acceleration techniques : accelerating tube, magnetic analysis, single- and double- end accelerator, Charged particle optics, Cyclotron, Synchrotron Lecture 5: Introduction to ion-nucleus and ion-electron interaction stopping power and force, dose, fluence, kinematics; lambda and k, cross section, differential cross section, interaction potentials Lecture 6 : Continuation lecture: Primary interactions: Generation of primary particles, scattering, concept of damages, Frenkel pair, ion-electrons interactions, Application for: RBS, ERDA, PIXE, PIGE, NRA, STM, Chiang Mai's equipment, water permeability in membrane for pharmaceutical release computer simulation: TRIM

8. Topics-III Lecture 7: Secondary or Transient effects Cascade of moving atoms (sputtering, SIMS, plasma desorption MS, threshold sputtering, linear cascade, nonlinear cascade) and electrons (excitation and ionization, ion traps, DNA damage, exciton, heat) Computer simulation: molecular dynamics, cascade mixing and polarization hydroxyapatite Lecture 8:Long Term effects Incorporation of implanted ions, range distribution, mathematical definition , doping, ion-chemical synthesis (reactive implantation), prosthesis, Film stress Lecture 9: Electron effects Bond breaking, hydrogen extraction, side-chain scission, main chain scission, cross linking (example PVC), radiolysis, oh water, DNA damage, single strand and double strand breaking, genetic mutation 

9. Topics - III Lecture 10: Chemical Effects Positive, negative resist, SU-8 for synchrotron, PMMA for electron; H-loss in connection to irradiation of biological (living) materials, hole in onion skin, local graphitization, Lecture 11: introduction to electrical and optical properties Fluorphores, where the properties are from, lab-on-a-chip, telecommunication applications Lecture 12: Modification of optical and electrical properties with ion beams; Refraction index changes, bleaching (or quenching) of luminescent, introduction of luminescent centres, non-radiative transitions

10. Topics - IV Lecture 13: Characterization for ion irradiation studies S-, D-SIMS, STM, AFM, ESCA and synchrotron light (chemical shift), AES, XRF, S- and T- EM, confocal and fluorescence microscopy, UV-Vis, PL, FTIR, Raman, FIB, Exercise -BioimageXD Lecture 14: Applications - I Deposition of transparent conducting electrodes, surface treatment, cleaning, sterisation, water proofing with SF6, biological materials, crystallization of HA, biomimetic, cell adhesion cell signalling, cell wall interaction, integrins, how to make biocompatibility, 3D growth structure, reduction of cell adhesion, antifouling Lecture 15 : Applications - II Manufacture and process of lab-on-a-chip, silicon glass, anisotropic silicon etching, reactive ion Etching, polymer imprint technology (PMMA), MeV ion lithography, stamping, FIA, pumps, electrokinetic devices, scaling of Reynolds number

11. Examination Examination -Credits: 3 ECTS credits -Grading: Pass grades run from 1 to 5. -Passing the course requires: A minimum score of 40% Scoring points 20%� the points are given for each mid-term examination 60% points can be obtained from the examination which is a take-home essay. �Examination times The mid-term examinations will be held on: Wednesday� 23 Jan 2008� 0900-1100 Wednesday� 30 Jan 2008� 0900-1100  Take home essay Please discuss the theme of your research with Somsak and Harry so we can assign a suitable topic that is associated, but not the same as your dissertation topic The final exam paper is to be submitted by e-mail by 2400 Finnish time on the ..... of ....

12. Mid-term exams Midterm exam 1: Wed, Jan 23, 2008 time: 09:00-11:00 Contributes 20% to final grade Contents: L1-L7 Midterm exam 2: Wed, Jan 23, 2008 time: 09:00-11:00 Contributes 20% to final grade Contents: L8-L13

13. Excercise Scheduled excercises SRIM Ion penetration and damage studies Download software from www.srim.org BioImageXD Cell imaging with confocal microscopy Download software from http://www.bioimagexd.net/

14. Pause

15. Part-II definitions Low energy ions What is an ion? Positive and negative ions What is a low-energy ion? Biological materials What constitutes a living organism? What is a biological material? Cell structure Biological size scales Polymeric materials Polymer structure Repeating units Thermoplastic and thermosetting

16. What is an ion? Ion: An ion is an atom, cluster or molecule that carries an electronic charge because the number of electrons differs from the sum of number of protons in the nucleus/nuclei Electron affinity The amount of energy that is liberated by a gaseous atom, cluster or molecule when an electron is added to it. Ionisation energy. The smallest amount of energy required to remove the most weakly bond electron from an atom, cluster or molecule of a gas.

17. Electron affinity

18. Single ionisation energy

19. Ionisation levels (eV)

20. Atomic Clusters Atoms can form clusters, e.g. Au8 Useful to study transtion atoms?molecules Tendancy to forms �magic� clusters e.g. Si4+, Si6+ and Si10+. Cluster ions have large momentum even for small kinetic energy. Useful for hammering a surface to produce a flat topography

21. Molecular ions Just as atoms can be ionised � molecules and radicals can too! CH3+ , OH-, Cl2+ Plasma desorption off surfaces allows molecules of large labile biomolecules to be produced. Used as basis for mass spectrocopy

22. Highly charged ions (HCI) Highly charged ions (HCI) are ions with a very high charge state � close to fully stripped. Ar9+, Xe42+ HCI carry a large potential energy Low kinetic energy implies large energy desposition close to surface.  Mechanism unknown

23. Hollow atoms Hollow atoms are ions where the inner shells are ionsied but not the outer shells. Decay spontaniosly by X-ray, Auger and K-K transitions

24. Polymeric materials Definition: A polymer is a substance composed of repeating structural units connected by covalent chemical bonds History 1811 Braconnot work on cellulose 1833 J�ns Jakob Berzelius (Swedish chemist) gave name from Greek (poly+meros) 1901 Bakelite (phenolic resin)

25. Monomers Monomer Repeating unit along the backbone Homopolymers Single type of monomer E.g. Polyethylene Copolymers More that one type of monomer E.g. Methylene-vinyl acetate

26. Polyelectrolytes Polyelectrolyte Polymer containing ionisable sub-units Dissociate in water Form a viscous fluid Form basis of thickeners, emusifiers, floculants Ingredient in soaps, shampoo etc Ionomer Polyelectrolyte with low fraction of ionisable sub units <~12% inonisable units High rigidity at room temperture themoplastics Conducting polymers

27. Conductive polymers

28. Luminescence Luminescence is the result of radiative recombination of electrons and holes Chemoluminescence Bioluminescence Crystalloluminescence Electroluminescence Cathodoluminescence Mechanoluminescence Triboluminescence Fractoluminescence Piezoluminescence Photoluminescence Phosphorescence Fluorescence Radioluminescence Sonoluminescence Thermoluminescence + more 

29. Singlet and triplet states in molecules Singlet and Triplet states Singlet spin-paired Triplet unpaired spin Long lifetime

30. Electroluminescence Electroluminescence is luminescence brought about by an electric current Electrons and holes injected into the semiconductor e.g. forward biased p-n junction Direct recombination Materials: ZnS:Cu, ZnS:Ag Diamond, SiC III-V semiconductors InP,GaAs,and GaN Organic semiconductors

31. Biomaterials Definitions: Somewhat vague and confused! Any material that comprises part or whole of a living structure Natural or man made Biomedical device Performs, supports or replaces natural function

32. Other meanings of biomaterials Biological matter Biocompatible material and bioapplicable material Biologically derived material (or biotic material) Bio-based material Biological material: Biological tissue, or just tissue Biomass, living or dead biological matter, often plants grown as fuel Biomolecule, a chemical compound that naturally occurs in living organisms Biotic material, from living things Bio-based material, a processed biotic material Cellular component, material and substances of which cells (and thus living organisms) are composed Organic material (or organic matter), derived from living things or containing carbon Viable material, capable of living, developing, or germinating under favourable conditions. (see: viability)

33. Bio = life Characteristics of life Homeostasis Regulation of internal environment Organisation One or more cells Metabolism Growth Adaption Change over a period of time to adapt to environment Response to stimuli Motion Reproduction Able to produce new organisms Cells are the fundamental unit of life Self contained Self-organised Carry out specialised functions Reproduce as necessary Carries instructions for all of these activities Non-living bioentities Virus Evolutionary developed DNA in protein capsid Reproduces using host cell Prion = PRoteinaceous Infectious particle (-on) Reproduce by inducing refolding of normal proteins into an infectious form

34. Biological size scales

35. Generic animal cell

36. The End