Objective: To use superconducting loops and Josephson junctions - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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readout

5 mm

Quantum Computation with Superconducting Quantum DevicesT.P. Orlando, S. Lloyd, L. Levitov, J.E. Mooij - MITM. Tinkham – Harvard; M. Bocko, M. Feldman – U. of Rochester orlando@mit.edu web.mit.edu/superconductivity

7/28/02

Put 30mk data here

Objective:

To use superconducting loops and Josephson junctions

To model the measurement process, understand decoherence, and to develop scalable algorithms,
To combine these qubits with classical on-chip,

high-speed superconducting control electronics,

To implement the fabrication and testing of the superconducting qubits.

(Put collaborative UR/MIT experiment here)

Status:
Measurements of the two states in a Nb qubit with 0.45mm junctions an underdamped Nb dc-SQUID :

Energy landscape determined from thermal activation measurements for T> 300mK
A Q factor of 106 which agrees with measurements of the Rsubgap > 1 MW.

Al qubits: Measured relaxation time ~ 1 ms
SFQ components (delay lines, DC/SFQ, T-flip-flops) measured at low current density and low temperature.
Modeling the environmental coupling to the qubit and the measurement process
Scalable architecture for adiabatic quantum computing

Objective Approach:

Theory: To understand the measurement and control processes, develop algorithms and guide the experimental design and testing.

Circuits: To design, analyze and demonstrate superconducting circuitry for the on-chip input and the required control functions for qubit manipulation.

Implementation: To test and analyze results from each integration step; oversee fabrication and improve junction quality.

Participants and Collaborators

MIT

Seth Lloyd: Lin Tian,

Bill Kaminsky

Leonid Levitov;

Terry Orlando: Ken Segall

Donald Crankshaw

Daniel Nakada, Janice Lee

Bhuwan Singh, David Berns

Harvard University

Michael Tinkham:

Nina Markovic, Sergio Valenzuela

University of Rochester

Mark Bocko & Marc Feldman

Jon Habif, Pavel Rott

Xingxiang Zhou

Gui-Zhen Zhang, Michael Wulf

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Karl Berggren & Jay Sage

TU DELFT

Johan Mooij & Kees Harmans

Alexander ter Haar

University of Munich

Frank Wilhelm: Markus Storcz

AFRL

Jeff Yepez

This work is supported in part by the AFOSR grant F49620-01-1-0457 under the DoD University Research Initiative on Nanotechnology (DURINT) program and ARDA, and in part by the AFOSR/NM and also by the NSA and ARDA under ARO grant number DAAG55-998-1-0369. The Type II computing is funded by AFOSR/NM.

Lincoln Laboratory (fabrication and type-II computing)

Delft (off-chip experiments, Al qubits, tight collaboration, theory)

TRW (fabrication source)

MIT (MIT/Cambridge Consortium, NSF Center, Type II computing)

Univ. Munich (Frank Wilhelm) Theory

AFRL (Yepez) Type II computing

SQUBIT European Project

Collaborations

General Overview (Terry Orlando)

Introduction

Highlights of recent results

Future work

Implementation Review (Ken Segall)

Circuits Review (Marc Feldman)

Experiments from Delft (Kees Harmans)

Theory Review (Seth Lloyd)

Outline

 |0





IcirEi

 |1>

0.5

Fext (F0)

Persistent Current Qubit

This qubit design uses a superconducting loop interrupted by three Josephson Junctions.

The two lowest energy states, which serve as the |0> and |1> states of the qubit, have

circulating currents in opposite directions, with opposite magnetic fields of ~0.001 0.

current

j3

v

1

j1

j2

2

ƒ1

Rotating the qubit will require flux oscillations at the frequency of the energy difference.

The Rabi frequency depends on the magnitude of the flux oscillations.

I+

V+

Ib

qubit

&

readout

Cs

Ic CJ

Z0

0.45m

5 mm

0.55m

1.1m

1pF

1.1m

1pF

qubit

I-

V-

~

j1

~

j2

Quantum Computation with Superconducting Quantum DevicesT.P. Orlando, S. Lloyd, L. Levitov, J.E. Mooij - MITM. Tinkham – Harvard; M. Bocko, M. Feldman – U. of Rochesterin collaboration with K. Berggren, MIT Lincoln Laboratory

7/28/02

Persistent current qubit fabricated in Nb with submicron junctions
Two states seen in measurement (thermal activations and energy levels)

Fabrication

modeling, and measurements

EJ = 4200 meV

Q = 2x106

Thermal Activation Theory

Condition for <Isw> = 0

Thermal rate with damping

(Energy diffusion regime)

Energy barrier linear in flux

EJ indicates junctions are small (0.55 mm)
Q suggests long relaxation times (T1 ~ Q/w0 ~ 4 ms)

Lincoln Lab: Rsubgap measurement

9.711

Ipc

8.650

6.985

5.895

4.344

(0.4 nA per division)

3.208

2.013

SW

1.437

I

~

1.120

0.850

0.498

0.500

0.502

(F0)

F

ext

3 mm

Macroscopic quantum superposition in a Josephson junction loop

Delft University of Technology & DIMES The Netherlands MIT Cambridge

Caspar van der Wal, A. Ter Haar, Kees Harmans, Hans Mooij T. Orlando, L. Levitov, S. Lloyd

Superposition of states observed
Relaxation time 5 msec,
Dephasing time 0.1 msec

MIT

Relaxation time

Measured relaxation time ~ 1 ms

New Slide(s) from Delft

Inductance measurement - it’s exactly right

Tested (4.2 K) analog and digital devices on LL fabricated chips (500 A/cm2 nominal)

dc-SQUID coupled to large inductive loop

Small junction I-V’s ~ 0.4 x 0.4 µm

RSFQ test circuit

dc-sfq, JTL’s, confluence buffer, splitter, JTL clock ring, sfq-dc

SFQ Results on QC2

Add UR logos, reference here

Test Results

Operation of the circuit on the previous page. Each cycle of the input waveform introduces one SFQ pulse to the circuit. The output flips its voltage state at each arriving pulse.

~350 bits/sec.

~3.5 kbits/sec.

Add UR logos, reference here

On-chip Control for an RF-SQUID

M.J. Feldman, M.F. Bocko, Univ. of Rochester

sources of error in superconducting qubits

Offset charge fluctuations

Quasiparticles Q > 104

Bias current fluctuations

Sources of Error in Superconducting Qubits

Decoherence from the environment (use error correction)

Dephasing sources (use “spin echo” techniques)

Coupling to nuclear spins
Diople-dipole coupling

Coherent error sources (use dynamic pulse control)

Coupling to higher levels
Two-bit gate coupling

Lin Tian, L. Levitov, et al., “General Theory of Dephasing for the Qubit,” Quantum Mesoscopic Phenomena (2000)

model of measurement induced decoherence

I

b

Cs

Ic CJ

Z0

~

j2

j1

qubit

Model of Measurement Induced Decoherence

Spin-Boson Model gives

Lin Tian, Seth Lloyd, T. Orlando PRB (2001)

Adiabatic QCMore theory slide

Type II Quantum Computing:1-D Algorithm

where P is occupancy probability

Ψ1,aΨ2,a Ψ3,aΨ4,a Ψ5,a Ψ6,a

· ·· ···

Ψ1,b Ψ2,b Ψ3,bΨ4,b Ψ5,bΨ6,b

Initialize

Φ1Φ2 Φ3Φ4 Φ5 Φ6

· ·· ···

Collide

P’1a P’2a P’3a P’4a P’5a P’6a

· ·· ···

P’1b P’2b P’3b P’4b P’5b P’6b

Measure

P’1a ← P’2a←P’3a←P’4a ←P’5a←P’6a



P’1b → P’2b →P’3b→P’4b →P’5b →P’6b

Stream*

Measurement

Iqubit bias

Imeas bias

f1

f2

Vosc bias

fosc

Quantum Computation with Superconducting Quantum DevicesT.P. Orlando, S. Lloyd, L. Levitov, J.E. Mooij - MITM. Tinkham – Harvard; M. Bocko, M. Feldman – U. of Rochester orlando@mit.edu web.mit.edu/superconductivity

7/28/02

Progress on last year’s objectives
Measurements of the two states in a Nb qubit with 0.45mm junctions and underdamped Nb dc-SQUID : Energy landscape determined from thermal activation measurements for T> 300mK, and a Q factor of 106 and Rsubgap > 1MW.
SFQ devices at 300 mK and for current densities < 200 Amps/cm2
Al qubits: Measured relaxation time ~ 1 ms
Scalable architecture for adiabatic quantum computing with superconductors
Research plan for the next 12 months
Measurement of on-chip spectroscopy of a single qubit
On-chip timed oscillator control of a single qubit
Spectroscopy of two-coupled qubits
Resonance method of measurement of the state of the qubit (with Delft)
Set up Dilution Refrigerators
Theory here
Long term objectives (demonstrations)
- Combine 3 to 5 superconducting qubits with on-chip control electronics
- Measure decoherence in multiple-qubit systems
- Develop algorithms adapted to superconducting electronics
- Explore quantum control to correct qubit dynamics

Summary Slides of Results, Circuits, and Publications

Not to be presented

Implementation:

Subgap resistance of submicron Nb junctions > 1 MW at low temperatures

LL Resistors remain at 30 mK

Measurements of the two states in a Nb qubit with 0.45mm junctions an underdamped Nb dc-SQUID :

Energy landscape determined from thermal activation measurements for T> 300mK

A Q factor of 106 which agrees with measurements of the Rgap > 1 MW.

Delft Experiments: Spectroscopy of superposition states

Developing of gradiometer qubits to lessen flux noise

Experiments on decoherence times and noise (Delft)

Installation of Dilution Refrigerators underway at MIT and UR

Results to Date

Circuits:

SFQ T-Flip-Flop demonstrated at 300 mK and for current densities < 200 Amps/cm2

Demonstration of Flip-Chip inductive coupling

On-chip coupling of JJ Oscillator

Design of MQC experiments on-chip

Developing resonant measurement scheme

Other results here

Theory:

Theory of persistent current qubit

Calculation of intrinsic decoherence mechanisms and sources of errors

Method to overcome off-resonant excitations

Modeling of decoherence of coupling and measuring circuits- circuit model formulation

Modeling of measurement process with DC SQUID

Exploration of coupling schemes for qubits

Scalable architecture for adiabatic quantum computing with superconducting

I. Circuits and Components That Have Already Been TestedA. Simple Control Circuits:1. On-chip DC-SQUID oscillators have been tested and sufficient inductive coupling to another circuits has been demonstrated. These oscillators however only operated around 3 GHz, so oscillators with variable frequency are

now being fabricated. (MIT)2. Demonstration of inductive coupling between separate chips for use in coupling qubits with control circuits

fabricated on different chips (Lincoln).3. Theoretical modeling of the effect of these simple control circuits on the decoherence of the qubit was included

in the designs of the oscillators and measuring system.(MIT/Delft/Rochester)4. Test at 4.2K of an RF SQUID coupled to a superconductive comparator with readout to room

temperature (Lincoln).5. Fixed-current superconducting loops, for magnetic flux biasing (Rochester)B. Complex Circuit and components1. The following components have been designed, fabricated,and tested at 4.2 K.

a. DC/SFQ and SFQ/DC converters (Rochester)

b. DRO memory cells (Rochester)

c. T-Flip-flops (Rochester)

d. Chains of up to 16 T-Flip-flops as counters. (Rochester)

e. SFQ clocks (pulse oscillators) of fixed frequencies designed from 5 to 40 GHz. (Rochester)

f. Pulse splitters and combining buffers (Rochester)

II. Types of Circuits and components that are being fabricated on QC3 (scheduled for completion in later this year.)A. Simple Circuits:1. On-chip DC-SQUID oscillators to work in the 5-15 GHz regime (some connected to detectors and some to

qubits to do on-chip spectroscopy) (MIT)2. On-chip SFQ microwave oscillator to work at 8 GHZ regime. (some connected to detectors and some to

qubits to do on-chip spectroscopy) (Rochester/MIT)3. A qubit coupled inductively to a coplanar waveguide. Using an external microwave generator, operating at

1-20GHz, it is possible to map the energy separation between the lowest two energy levels. (Lincoln and MIT)B. Complex ExperimentsList experiments on QC3 and explain briefly whose circuit and why the circuit is important.1. An NDRO memory cell, similar to a DRO cell but with a non-destructive read-out, is being fabricated. Asuccessful test will allow the timed oscillator experiment (Rochester)2. Timed oscillator experiment -- by using two out-of-phase counter and an NDRO memory cell, we can make

a variable duty cycle oscillator to drive a qubit with a SQUID detector controlled off-chip. (Rochester)3. Qubit readout experiments

a. QFP Comparators coupled with varying strengths to RF SQUID qubits (Lincoln)

b. QFP Comparators coupled to persistent-current qubits (Lincoln)

c. SFQ Comparators coupled to rf SQUID qubits and to testlines (Rochester)

C. Full Quantum Experiments Circuits (more-than-complex circuits)

1. Superposition-state time evolution experiment using rf SQUID qubit. This design has all-SFQ inputs and outputs, all on-chip; but off-chip timing. (Rochester)

2. Superposition-state time evolution experiment using single-Josephson-junction qubit (inspired by Martinis and Han experiments), with on-chip SFQ control circuits. Specifically designed to be portable to TRW fabrication. (Rochester)