Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) Control and Prevention

1. Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) Control and Prevention

2. Objectives • You will be capable to identify the most common MSD in the society identifying risk factors. • You will be also capable to identify strategies that help in the prevention and creation of suitable society for those patients.

3. MSDs in KSA • On the top of the health problems encountered in urban Primary Health Care in Riyad, 1996. • Out of 1001 patients, 381 (38.1%)had MSDs. • Out of 404 male patients 132 (32.7%) had MSDs. • Out of 597 female patients, 249 (41.9%) had MSDs.

4. Musculoskeletal Disorders • MSD is an injury or illness to soft body tissue such as: • Muscles • Nerves • Tendons • Ligaments • Joints • Cartilage • Spinal Discs MSD

5. Musculoskeletal Disorders include • Strains & Sprains • Soreness or Pain • Carpal tunnel syndrome • Connective tissue disorders

6. Musculoskeletal Disorders • are medical conditions that develop gradually over a period of time • do not typically result from a single instantaneous event.  

7. MSDs are causedby • Bending • Climbing • Crawling • Reaching • Twisting • Overexertion • Repetitive Exposure

8. What are the Risk Factors?

9. Risk Factors • Work-related (applied also to household?) RF • Environmental Factors • Activity Factors • Non work related RF • Certain Medical Conditions

10. Environment Risk Factors • Heat or cold • Lighting • Vibration • Tool design • Noise

11. Activity Risk Factors • Static or awkward postures • Improper gripping • Improper lifting • Repetitive Motion

12. Heat & Cold • Heat affects blood circulation & causes cramps, burns/rashes and general discomfort. • Coldaffects the body's blood circulation, causes hypothermia, loss of flexibility, distraction and poor dexterity. • Comfortable temperature range • 18-21°c (68 to 74 F) • Humidity 20 – 60%

13. Vibration • Excessive vibration causes pain to muscles, joints and internal organs • Soft tissue trauma to the hands, arms, feet and legs.

14. Lighting • Under & over lighted areas causes: • Headaches • Muscle strains • Fatigue • Eye strain • Poorly lighted areas also contributes to trip & fall hazards & poor coordination

15. Tool design • Handle shape • Control type • Control location • Vibration • Impact • Pressure

16. Noise • Noise peaks above 100 decibels cause: • Headaches • Increased blood pressure • Muscle tension & fatigue • Irritability & distraction

17. Force & Exertion • Forceful exertions place higher loads on the muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints • Factors • Weight • Bulkiness • Speed

18. Posture • Prolonged standing - varicose veins, back stress, pooling of blood in legs • Sitting without back support - low back stress • Seat too high - decreased circulation, (legs dangling over end) bruises

19. Posture • Shoulders rounded - Upper/lower back stress, respiratory distress • Leaning forward - Lower back stress • Arms extended or over-reaching  - Stress to arm muscles, upper back stress

20. Posture • Elbows "winged" - Joint stress at shoulder, poor use of bicep muscles • Stepping backwards - Loss of balance, displaced gravity, muscle stress • Locking knees - Stress to back of knee, poor blood circulation • Bent Wrist – excessive force when gripping

21. Repetition • Frequent & prolonged repetition of the same movements cause muscle fatigue and stress • Factors that increase repetition hazards • Number of cycles per minute • Force required • Posture

22. Gripping • Factors that increase gripping hazards • Bent wrist • Surface area • Surface friction • Vibration • Type of grip

23. Lifting • Factors that increase lifting hazards • Weight • Size • Repetition • Twisting • Bending • Reaching • Method

24. Non-work Risk Factors • Certain Medical Conditions Such as: Rheumatic Arthritis, Diabetes, Obesity, Hormone Imbalances and Pregnancy. • Age • Spare time activities.

25. CONTROL MEASURES

26. Hazard Controls • Engineering Controls • Administrative Controls • Work Practice / household Controls

27. Engineering Controls • Re-design of work station • Re-design of tools • Lighting modification • Vibration control • Noise Control • Automation • Mechanical Lifting • Material Flow

28. Administrative Controls • Employee rotation • Job task enlargement • Adjustment of work pace • Redesign of work methods • Alternative tasks • Rest breaks

29. Work Practice Controls • Work techniques & procedures • Conditioning period • Training Lifting techniques • Personal Protective Equipment

30. Analysis tools at work place / Applicable also in households !!

31. Checklists • General Risk Analysis • Computer Work Stations • Hand Tool Analysis • Hazard Identification • Task Analysis • Workstation Evaluation

32. Program Elements

33. Program Elements • Management Leadership • Employee Participation • Hazard Identification • Hazard Information • Medical Management • Program Evaluation • Record keeping

34. Management Leadership • Assign responsibilities • Provide authority, resources & information • Examine existing policies • Take action to correct problems • Communicate regularly with employees

35. Hazard Identification • Reports of signs, symptoms & hazards • Recommendations from employees & supervisors • Records review of existing safety & health records • Routine facility safety & health inspections

36. Information & Training • Signs & symptoms • Importance of early reporting • Specific hazards & controls • Reporting MSDs & hazards • How to recommend control methods • Protective Measures • Ergonomics program & their role • OSHA standard requirements

37. Employee Involvement • Report of signs, symptoms & hazards • Hazard control recommendations • Access to information

38. MSD Management • Prompt response • Work restrictions or other measures • Prompt access to a health care professional • Written Medical Opinion • Medical Follow-up

39. Program Evaluation • MSD records • Engineering Controls • Administrative Controls • Work Practice Controls • Opinions

40. Recordkeeping • Reports of MSD or hazards • Responses to employee reports • Job hazard analysis • Hazard control records • Ergonomics program evaluation • MSD management records

41. Forms

42. Program Forms • MSD Symptom Survey • MSD Survey Location • New Equipment Survey • Task Hazard Prevention Worksheet • Job Hazard Analysis • Job Task Steps • MSD Sign/Symptom Report • MSD Hazard Controls Log • Hazard Control Report

43. Solutions

46. Ergonomics The Solution to prevent MSD work related Risk Factors

47. What is Ergonomics? • the science of fitting jobs to people. • Ergonomics uses knowledge of physical abilities, limitations & human characteristics that apply to job design.

48. Ergonomic Design • considers the tasks, equipment & environment to provide efficient use of worker capabilities while ensuring that job demands do not exceed those capabilities

49. Objectives • You will be capable to identify the most common MSD in the society identifying risk factors. • You will be also capable to identify strategies that help in the prevention and creation of suitable society for those patients.