Unit 18

1. Unit 18 The Cold War China/Korea/Vietnam Ch. 30 (3) Ch. 33 Ch. 35 (3-5)

2. How did WWII contribute to the Cold War? • What were the causes and main events of the Cold War? • Why did so many nations perceive communism as a threat? • How did the Arms Race impact technology? • What led to the rise of communism in China? • What factors brought an end to the Cold War? Concept Questions

3. Yalta – Allies met to discuss future of Germany • divided Germany • United Nations • Eastern Europe – Soviet Union kept countries as a buffer between them and the west • “iron curtain” – Churchill’s description of the divided communist/non-communist world = COLD WAR • Competition between East & West to spread their influence throughout the world 33.1 – Superpowers Face Off

4. Containment • Block communist influence • Truman Doctrine • U.S. gives monetary aid to those countries who reject communism • Marshall Plan – economic aid • Provide supplies, building materials, etc… to any European country that needed it • Berlin Airlift • City of Berlin (inside Soviet section) divided in half • Soviets block any supplies from getting in • Supplies flown in and dropped for almost 11 months • Forced the Soviets to lift the blockade of West Berlin Secretary of State George Marshall U.S. vs. Soviets

5. Hostility between the superpowers • NATO – Alliance of Western powers • Warsaw Pact – Alliance of Eastern powers • Nuclear threat • Soviets get the Atomic bomb in 1949 • U.S. develops the Hydrogen bomb (thousands of times more powerful) • Brinkmanship – both sides stockpiling nuclear weapons • Space Race • ICBM’s • Sputnik • Increases in science and math • U-2 incident – evidence of spy fights Cold War

6. After WWII, Communists beat the Nationalists for control • U.S. aided Nationalists (Taiwan) • Communism • Mao Zedong • Helped by Lenin (Soviet Union) • Totalitarian state • Business and all aspects of life controlled by the government • Replaced religion • Students taught loyalty to the leader over their own parents • Mass Murders • Killed, imprisoned, tortured opponents • Different from Soviet Communism • Soviets focused on city workers • Chinese focused on peasants 30.3 - China

7. Mao Zedong • Seized land from large landholders, placed all peasant farmers on collective farms • Made women equal, gave state-sponsored child care • Increased production of industrial products • “Great Leap Forward” – huge communes, very impersonal, peasants had no incentive to work hard since state profited. Crop failures created a famine that 20 million. Plan abandoned in 1961. • New economic policies began to take place. Mao disapproved, encouraged young people to join the Red Guards and lead a revolution • Cultural Revolution – establish a society of equality between peasants and workers • Working with your hands valued, intellectual pursuits dangerous • Colleges and school shut down • Many intellectuals jailed, executed or died in prison • Restored radical Communist values Revolution

8. The West • Zhou Enlai began forming ties with the west, opened relations with U.S. (table tennis) • Four Modernizations • Progress in agriculture, industry, defense, and science/technology • Opened Chinese citizens to ideas of democracy and modern lifestyles • Tiananmen Square • 100,000 students protested for democracy • Martial law declared • Hundred killed, thousands wounded by soldiers to put down the protests • Thousands arrested, Deng Xioping retains power 35.5

9. China left trying to balance an open economic policy with a closed political policy • Many citizens still demanding democracy • Hong Kong • British colony • Thriving business center • Transferred back to China in 1997 Prospects for democracy are increasing as technology and trade connect and influence people around the world.

10. First World – U.S. and it’s allies • Second World – Soviet Union and its allies • Third World – developing nations, newly independent, not aligned • Most were poor with a lack of technology and education and had ethnic conflicts • Needed to choose an economic system • Both sides attempted to influence the Third World by aid, covert activities, etc. • Nonaligned nations often wanted to remain independent Cold War around the World

11. Cuba • Revolution brought Fidel Castro to power • Brought many reforms but with harsh control • Took over U.S. owned businesses, U.S. embargoed all trade • Turned to Soviets for aid • U.S. planned Bay of Pigs invasion – disaster • Cuban Missile Crisis • Soviets began building missile sites in Cuba • U.S. and Soviets on brink of war Latin America

12. Divided after WWII – 38th parallel (Soviet North, U.S. South) • Communist north invaded the south – CONTAINMENT? • U.N. sends in troops led by American, Douglas MacArthur. • Pusan to Inchon – (map) • U.N. troops advance almost to China, new war vs. the Chinese • MacArthur wants to use nuclear war, President Truman disagrees • MacArthur fired, fighting stops back at 38th parallel • North remains Communist under Kim Il Sung who was succeeded by his son – Kim Jong Il (just died 2011) • South Korea supported by the U.S. Korea

13. French colony conquered by the Japanese in WWII. • After the war, nationalists started the Vietminh (Independence) League led by Ho Chi Minh • Nationalists and Communists unite to fight the French • Battle of Dien Bien Phu • U.S. concerned about “domino theory” • Vietnam divided – North Communist led by Ho Chi Minh, South supported by U.S. led by Ngo Dinh Diem Vietnam

14. Diem was unpopular and many South Vietnamese became guerilla fighters against him – Vietcong • U.S. increases involvement sending equipment to South • Attack on U.S. boats in Gulf of Tonkin – U.S. sends in troops • U.S. has world’s best equipped/advanced army but faced with guerilla warfare and an a popular enemy • Vietcong supported by Chinese, Soviets and North Vietnam • U.S. turn to air strikes making them more unpopular with peasants • War becoming unpopular in U.S. – lots of protesting • President Nixon begins “vietnamization” • U.S. troops withdraw completely in 1973, by 1975 South in overrun • Many fled Vietnam

15. Vietnam War: 1965-1973

16. Also bombed by U.S. during Vietnam war in order to get hidden Vietcong camps • Left unstable • Communists set up brutal government – Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot • Khmer Rouge wanted a rural society – slaughtered 2 million people, 25% of population • Invaded by Vietnam, finally free in 1993 • Pol Pot tried for war crimes in 1997 Cambodia

17. Iran • Western minded Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi vs. nationalist Prime Minister MuhummadMossaddeq • U.S. supported the Shah • Western ideas challenged by Islamic religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini – began rule in 1979 • Becomes a traditional Muslim state ruled by Islamic law • Iran Hostage Crisis - hatred of the U.S. escalated to a hostage crisis over the allowing of the Shah into the U.S. for medical care, hostages held 444 days • Iran & Iraq have territorial war, U.S. secretly sold weapons to Iran in return for the release of hostages • Afghanistan • Invaded by Soviets – got mired down and finally withdrew after a 10 year occupation • U.S. protested with a grain embargo of the Soviet Union and a boycott of the 1980 Olympics held in Moscow. Middle East

18. Nikita Khrushchev takes over after Stalin’s death • Allows competition, starts “destalinization” • Criticize Stalin’s abuse of power • Protests from satellite nations still common • Loss of prestige after Cuban Missile Crisis has him replaced by Leonid Brezhnev • Brezhnev brings back much censorship and tight govt. controls Soviets

19. Move towards détente and realpolitik • Attempt to reduce cold war tensions • SALT talks – limited nuclear missile numbers • Invasion of Afghanistan threatens new tentative peace • President Reagan introduces SDI (Star Wars) as missile defense – never worked Soviets & U.S.

20. Mikhail Gorbachev – Soviet Union • Glasnost – encouraged citizens in free thought • Perestroika – economic restructuring • Democratiztion – gradual loosening of political system • No longer wanted an “arms race”, stressed diplomacy over force • Command economy not able to compete with a free market • Bankrupting Soviets • Poland • Solidarity - Union led by Lech Walesa • Finally legalized and allowed free elections, Walesa new President • Hungary • Radical communists take over and disband the party

21. East Germany • Many East Germans using tourism to escape to West Germany • East Germany closes borders completely – sparked many protests • New leader opened Berlin Wall (1989) in attempt to save communism • Germany officially reunited in 1990 • Many economic problems faced unified Germany • Czechoslovakia • Protests for change met with brutal police forces • Eventually protesters win out and a new parliament elected • Romania • Reforms in other countries bring about protests that are brutally put down • Elections finally held in 1990

22. Slow pace of reforms and a crackdown in Lithuania had hardliners attempt to force Gorbachev out (August coup) • 15 satellite nations declared independence • Boris Yeltsin is new president • Attempts “shock therapy” – led to economic struggles, political unrest and a war in Chechnya • Replaced by Vladimir Putin Collapse of Soviet Union

23. Mixed ethnic groups fighting over control • Serbs in Bosnia led by Slobodan Milosevic used ethnic cleansing to rid Bosnia of Muslims. Yugoslavia