T.Bosma 1 , I. Lazakis 1 , O.Turan 1 , C.J. Muijskens 2

1. Enhancing bridge simulation training programmes with the application of maritime aids for emergency responses T.Bosma1, I. Lazakis1, O.Turan1, C.J. Muijskens2 1 University of Strathclyde Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, Glasgow, U.K. 2Maritime Institute Willem Barentz, Terschelling The Netherlands Bridge 2011 Rauma, 9-10 June 2011

2. Presentation layout • Introduction • Identification of training needs • Analysed results of the outcomes of questionnaire • Results of the analysis of the MAIB accident reports • Implementation of a real accidents scenario on a Full mission simulator • Observed results of the implementation • Discussion/conclusions

3. Introduction • ‘M’AIDER’ project (Maritime Aids Development for Emergency Responses) • The M’AIDER project, an EU funded project, part of the Leonardo Lifelong Learning Programme, looking at updating the merchant navy Education and Training programmes

4. M’AIDER Project partners: • Strathclyde University , dpt of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, U.K. • C4FF, Centre for factories of the Future Ltd,education, training and research company ,U.K. • TUDEV, Maritime Training centre, Turkey • MIWB, Maritime Instituut Willem Barentz, Maritime Higher education institution, Netherlands • LMA, Lithuanian Maritime Academy, Maritime Higher educational institution, Lithuania • Spinaker d.o.o Maritime VET and adult education provider, SME, Slovenia • IDEC S.A, Maritime Training centre, Greece

5. Project AIMS and objectives Improve safety at sea and in ports One of the projects objectives : Developing a real case scenario based training programme, reducing the risk of Human error at sea: • Identification of training gaps and needs of current seafarers and students • Questionnaire • The most frequent emergency situations are identified and analysed. • Analyse U.K. accident reports occurred with merchant ships in the past 19 years (Maritime Accident Investigation Branch) • Select and implement real case scenarios into Bridge simulator training programmes

6. The results of the analysis will contribute to the development of: • Training courses for the maritime education of seafarers • Simulator training • E-learning and e-assessment • Based on the chosen real accident scenarios, intelligent exercises will be developed for application in both the bridge area and in the integrated and full-mission simulators • Transfer of the knowledge already existing in the form of video software or existing internet e-learning/assessment

7. Identification of training needs Methodology • Analysis of accident reports • Analysis of the results of the questionnaire • Select real accident emergency scenarios Create scenarios for application on bridge training and full mission bridge simulators

8. Questionnaire Main aim: find the shortcomings in the current seafarer's maritime education training

9. Structure of the questionnaire • GENERAL INFORMATION • Nationality/age/rank relationship • BRIDGE SIMULATION TRAINING • Education • Seagoing experience related to emergency scenarios • COLREGS • Education • Knowledge of the regulations to avoid accidents at sea

10. General information

11. Nationality distribution 145 participants

12. Age/Rank relationship • 18-30: 60% cadet • 31-40 : 45% Master, 39% officer • 41-50: 80% Master • 51 and older: 86% Masters 65% 15% 12% 8%

13. Bridge Simulator Training

14. Bridge simulator training/Nationality/Age • 70% yes BST • 30% No BST • Age: • 37% 18-30 years had no BST • 0% 31-40 years • 20% 41-50 years • 21% 51-and older

15. According to previous research accident reports • 88% of the accidents at sea are caused by Human factors • Of which 60% are directly related to individual mistakes (Bosma et al 2010, MAIB database)

16. Scenarios covered in participants’ Bridge simulator Training

17. Most important differences between BST and real life • Absence of the human physical well being and stress/psychological factors due to circumstances on board daily life • Fatigue • Seasickness • Problems at home etc

18. Training needs • The most important factors contributing to accidents like, loss of situational awareness, are going to be covered by implementing real emergency scenario on BST • 65% of the participants agreed that simulation of real accident scenarios on bridge simulator training is very useful

19. COLREGS

20. In general • One of most important human errors leading to an incident is about collision regulations that are not applied or are applied incorrectly • Participants were asked about their familiarity with the COLREGS and how useful they were to them compared to the reality • Analysis were carried out to find out what type of incident the participants have experienced and were involved in themselves, • Their familiarity with the COLREGS, and what training methods they received to get familiarised with the COLREGS.

21. Received/most effective COLREGS training methods

22. Participants involvement in incidents 62 128 In agreement with the MAIB database, statistic results say that 36% of all the incidents at sea are Collisions

23. Reason why the experienced collision occurred Also in the open questions, participants agreed that one of the most important reasons that a collision occurred was due to low visibility

24. Ranking the reasons to collision according to their importance - top 5 • Only 11 participants chose Poor Look out as a reason to collision • Poor look out is one of the main factors contributing to accidents at sea, according to the accidents reports analysis

25. Most important training gaps identified BST: • Accidents caused by ‘Low visibility’ often is the results of misinterpretation of the COLREGS. • Most people are unaware of the underlying human factors contributing to accidents, improvement of the awareness is needed

26. Incident Location Incident type Vessel type Results of the analysis of the MAIB accident reports Most suitable schedule of an emergency training scenario The most suitable incident training scenario contain the following:

27. Most notable underlying factors (MAIB database analysis) • The Unawareness of a situation • Poor decision making, use of information • Procedure carried out inadequately • Inattention • The loss of attention due to personal problems such as fatigue (3%), vigilance (3%) etc

28. These most frequently occurred underlying factors will eventually lead to the human errors. These are the errors that will lead directly to the incident. • The most frequent occurring types of human error are: • Incorrect or insufficient action taken • Collision regulations not applied • Speed or heading not altered or risk not appreciated • Inadequate passage planning • Poor look out

29. Chosen emergency case scenarios for BST application: • 10 emergency real case scenarios were chosen for implementation on bridge simulators • MSTC : implement a scenario in student training and investigate the results of this scenario. • The scenario was based on a real accident • Scot Isles / Wadi Halfa , which happened in 2008 in Dover Strait.