英语的词汇与语法

1. 英语的词汇与语法 Lecture One

2. Introduction • 词汇是语言和文化特有的，词汇通过人类的交际获得意义。 • 语言在不断变化，词的语音、形态和词义也不例外。 • 我们的一个重点是从内部因素和外部因素来观察词的语音变化、形态变化和词义变化。 • 随着社会的发展，人们需要表达新事物、新概念。通常人们使用创造新词、借用和扩展新义等方法来进行词汇创新。

3. 借词、新词的构成和词义的变化 • 词义的扩大、缩小、转褒、转贬、隐喻、转喻、提喻等词义变化的方式，以及复合、派生、转换、截短、混合、逆构等构词手段。

4. 社会文化因素影响语言使用：阶层、性别、职业、性别、年龄、宗教等社会文化因素影响语言使用：阶层、性别、职业、性别、年龄、宗教等 • 英语的一些词汇属于核心词汇，适用于各种语境，但有一些词汇属于限制性词汇，只能用于某些语境。 • 例如，随着社会文化语境的不同，男子在称呼自己的妻子时可能直呼其名，也可能称之为Mom, my wife, Mary, Mrs Harris或Tommy’s mother。

5. 词汇在话语中起着重要的作用，一些词项被看作话语标记语，如oh, well, and, but, or, so, because, now, then等。 • 话语标记语被看作是依赖于顺序、划分说话单位的成分。 • 各种话语标记起的功能作用不同。例如，oh通常被看作感叹词，表示惊奇、害怕或者疼痛。但是oh也标记着话语中信息管理的各种任务，可表示信息状态的转移。

6. 词汇和语法是不可分开的。形式由语法和词汇构成。词汇和语法是不可分开的。形式由语法和词汇构成。 • 语法是个封闭系统，包含少数的高度概括性的术语。词汇属于开放系统。 • 词汇和语法处于一个连续统一体的两端，两者属于同一个现象，只是观察的角度不同而已。 • 我们用语法书来描写语法，用词典和词库来描写词汇。 • 处于这个连续体中间的介词、连词、时间副词等则可从词汇的角度来描写，也可以从语法的角度来描写。 • “词汇语法（lexicogrammar）”

9. 单词是个信息单位，能提供语音、句法和语义等方面的信息。单词是个信息单位，能提供语音、句法和语义等方面的信息。 • 词的形态和语音之间的有着密切的联系。形态结构对于确定复杂单词的语音形式起着重要的作用。 • 例如，英语形容词selective的重读在第二个音节，当加上后缀-ity就成为selectivity，重读位于第三个音节。加上后缀-ness就成为selectiveness，重读在第二音节。 • 单词的语音特性也对词缀的选择起着重要作用。例如，英语的名词后缀-al只能加在以重读音节结尾的动词上，动词arrive加上-al成为名词arrival。

10. 词项与语法模式 • 把词的模式是与词相联系并经常出现的所有单词和结构。 • 对词的模式进行观察可采用左分类或者右分类的角度。 • 例如，采用右分类可研究动词后接的补语模式（如he decided to leave, he hated leaving）。采用左分类可研究动词使用被动语态、不定式和情态动词、主语和极性的频率。

11. 一个词可以有许多模式。 • 例如explain可以与直接引语连用，可以后接以about引导的介词短语、名词词组、wh-小句、to介词短语等。 • 从另一个角度看，一个模式与一些词有联系，例如适用“V+over+名词词组/wh-小句”这个模式的动词有argue, bicker, disagree, fight, quarrel, wrangle等。

12. Topics to be covered • 1 课程概述（词汇语法与世界） • 2 世界的文字 • 3 英语的名词和名词化 • 4 英语的时态和语态 • 5 英语的动词和形容词 • 6 英语的情态 • 7 隐喻和转喻 • 8 词汇、习语与文化 • 9 13 搭配 • 10 14-15 英语的衔接 • 11 英语的结构与文体 • 12 英语的副词

13. 参考书目 • Biber, D., S. Johansson, G. Leech, S. Conrad and E Finegan. 1999. 朗文英语口语和笔语语法，外语教学与研究出版社。 • 麦克米伦出版公司，2005，麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典，外语教学与研究出版社。

14. I know him./I know of him. • I didn’t know linguistics but I know of such a subject as linguistics. • I read of the accident in the newspaper. • I’ve heard of unusual hobbies, but I’ve never heard of this one. • His letter told me of his success in the competition. • The music always reminds me of my happy childhood. • I’ll inform you of the event.

15. He came back last night. • Short skirts are coming back. • I told them to stand by for action. • There were several people standing by when the accident occurred. • We all stood up when the guest professor came in. • He stood the statue up in a corner. • Many people showed up at the meeting. • Jack likes to show people up in public.

16. Desire, wish, hope, want, expect • The customer desires to see you. • His mother desires him to be a diplomat. • We wish to visit the island. • I wish you a happy journey. • I wish you could come and help me. • He wants to take a rest. • They want us to join them. • I hope I can attend the conference. • We didn’t expect you to come so early. • She is expecting her daughter.

17. Be to（事先同意、安排或计划要做的事） • I am to meet my brother at the airport at ten o’clock. • A farewell meeting is to be held tomorrow in honour of Professor Thmopson. • The traffic regulations are to be observed.（情态）。 • You are not to throw stones at monkeys.

18. Books to read/books to be read • I have something to say to you. • He looked at the books to be read. • 与动词have, give, show搭配时 • There is nothing to see./There is nothing to be seen. • 形容词＋不定式 • A car in good condition is easy to drive. • We are liable to be overheard in this room.

19. They stopped to look at the room. • They stopped looking at the room. • They left off to fish. • They left off fishing. • I remember to take the medicine at the right time. • I remember taking the medicine at the right time. • I regret to inform you that it is impossible. • I bitterly regret having told her that.

20. The machine needs repairing/ to be repaired. • The rug needs cleaning before we move in. • The house needs to be repaired both inside and outside. • The job needs to be done with great care.

21. He was a good runner so he could escape from the police. /He was a good runner, so he was able to escape from the police. • They were able to leave Europe before the war started. • They were able to escape. /They managed to escape. /They succeeded in escaping.

22. We must tidy up our rooms. • We have to tidy up our rooms. • If I buy that car, I’ll have to borrow some money.

23. A certain man will come to see you. • The man is certain to come. • We had a particular reason for abandoning the project. • She’s very particular about what she eats. • The sight of the watch reminded me of my late mother. • The sight of the watch reminded me that I was late.

24. Professor Tucker is the present chairman. • Many people were present at the meeting. • That man is a complete fool. • Our work on the new road is now complete. • He felt faint for lack of food. • There’s a very faint hope of finding her alive.

25. 他可能会来。 • *He’s possible to come. • I think it will be fine tomorrow, but rain is quite possible. • It is possible that I shall go there next week. • Success is possible, but hardly probable. • *He’s an afraid child. • That child is afraid. • Lonely/alone; asleep/sleeping

26. A lot of, much • He earns a lot of money in his new job. • Does he earn much money in his new job? • He doesn’t earn much money in his new job. • Scientists have spent ______ time studying this problem • Scientists haven’t spent _____ time on this problem. • I have seen a great deal of him these days. • I haven’t seen ____ of him for a few weeks.

27. Up, down • His books were burned up in the fire. • The town was burned down during the war. • He tore up the letter and threw it into the basket. • They tore down the old building.

28. I’ll see you at the library. • I’ll see you in the library. • The police are making an inquiry __ the robbery. • Players are not allowed to make an objection ___ the referee’s decision. • He wrote to the newspaper to complain __ the noise of the factory. • He made a slow recovery ___ his illness. • On my entrance __ the room, they stopped talking. • TV has had a tremendous influence __ the daily life of people everywhere.

29. I am very angry with/at him. (人） • I am very angry at/about what he said. （事） • They were very annoyed _at_ having to wait two hours for a bus. • We are disappointed _with/in_ him. • Are you disappointed _about/at_ losing the game? • I am glad _of_ your success. • She was envious _of_ her brother’s success. • Some people are ignorant _of_ the value of health. • He is opposed _to_ her going abroad alone. • Carelessness is productive _of_ mistakes.

30. He was used to ____ (be) alone. • I am not accustomed __ (go) out after dark. • I have been looking forward to __ (see) you. • ? From here to Gulangyu is 4 kilometers. • ? After eleven will be too late. • Between six and seven will be fine to me.

31. He will surely succeed because he works hard. • Since he wasn’t there, I told his brother about it. • As autumn has come, it’s getting cooler. • He must be nearsighted for he wears eye-glasses.

32. You may as well take this. • You my take this as well. • His speech was reported at length in the newspaper. • At length, his speech was reported in the newspaper. • I have painted the door. • I had the door painted.

33. He foolishly spoke. • He spoke foolishly. • He simply spoke. • He spoke simply. • I have my work to do. • I have to do my work.

34. The manager said they should have more workers trained on the job. • The manager said they should have more trained workers on the job. • He stood there to watch the train come in. • He stood there watching the train come in.