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GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN & CRANIAL NERVES # 1

GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN & CRANIAL NERVES # 1. MARTINI, FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, 9 TH EDITION, CHAPTER # 14 Exercise # 20 Page # 249. NOTE:. THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE , NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW.

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GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN & CRANIAL NERVES # 1

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  1. GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN & CRANIAL NERVES # 1 MARTINI, FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, 9TH EDITION, CHAPTER # 14 Exercise #20 Page#249

  2. NOTE: • THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE, NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW. • THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY GUIDE THAT MIGHT BEASKED IN YOUR PRACTICUMS / QUIZZES. • STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR READING THEIR TEXBOOK (S) AND FOR ALL THE MATERIAL COVERED DURING THE LABORATORY PERIOD, AS PER THE COURSE SYLLABUS

  3. OBJECTIVES • Identifying the major regions of the brain and state their function. • Identifying the meninges. • Locating and naming selected cranial nerves.

  4. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)- BRAIN & SPINAL CORD • PERIPFERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)- NERVES & ASSOCITED • GANGLIA • CEREBRAL HEMIPHERES- 2 HALF OF THE CEREBEUM, RIGHT & LEFT • DIVIDED BY LONGITUDINAL FISSURE • GYRI(PLURAL)- THICK AREAS • GYRUS- (SINGULAR)- FOLDS • PRECENTRAL GYRUS • POSTCENTRAL GYRUS • FISSURES: DEEP GROOVES • SULCI- SHALLOW GROOVES SEPARATING GYRI • SULCY- PLURAL • SULCUS- SINGULAR • LONGITUDINAL FISSURE- IT SEPARATES THE RIGHT & LEFT • HEMISPHERES • CENTRAL SULCUS- IT DIVIDES THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERS IN • ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR

  5. LATERAL SULCUS- IT SEPARATES FRONTAL AND PARIETAL LOBES • FROM TEMPORAL LOBE • PARIETO OCCIPITAL SULCUS- IT SEPARATES THE PARIETAL LOBE • FROM OCCIPITAL LOBE • FRONTAL LOBE- FROM CENTRAL SULCUS ANTERIORLY • PREFRONTAL CORTEX- MOST ANTERIOR PART OF THE FRONTAL LOBE • F- CENTER OF THE INTELECT FOR RAZONALIZATION • TEMPORAL LOBE- UNDER THE TEMPORAL BONES UNDER THE • LATERAL SULCUS • PARIETAL LOBE- UNDER THE PARIETAL BONES & BEHIND THE • FRONTAL LOBE • OCCIPITAL LOBE- POSTERIOR LOBE OF THE CEREBRUM • UNDER OCCIPITAL BONE

  6. PRE CENTRAL GYRUS- GYRUS BEFORE THE CENTRAL SULCUS • (ORANGE IN MODEL) • IT CONTEINS THE PRIMARY MOTOR AREA- • F- TO CONTROL VOLUNTARY MUSCLE MOVEMENT • POSTCENTRAL GYRUS- GYRUS AFTER THE CENTRAL SULCUS • (LAVANDER IN MODEL) • IT CONTEIS THE PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY AREA • F- TO RECEIVE SENSORY INFO FROM GENERAL • SENSORY RECEPTORS EX- TOUCH, PAIN, TEMP • SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA- • BEHIND THE POST CENTRAL GYRUS (LAVANDER) • F- TO INTERPRET SENSORY INFORMATION • BROCA’S AREA- CONTEIS THE SPEECH CENTER • F- TO CONTROL MUSCLES OF SPEECH

  7. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  8. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  9. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  10. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  11. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  12. TURN THE MODEL OVER • OLFACTORY BULBS- THE BULBS TO THE FRONT • F- CARRY SENSORY INFO ABOUT SMELL • OLFACTORY TRACS – WHERE THE BULB ARE ATTACHED TO • F- TO CARRY SENSORY INFO ABOUT SMELL • OPTIC CHIASMA- WHERE THE OPTIC NERVES CROSS (IN THE MIDDLE) • OPTIC TRACTS- FROM OPTIC NERVES BACK TO THE BRAIN • F- TO CARRY VISUAL INFORMATION • PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOFISIS)- • F- TO PRODUCE MANY HORMONES • MAMiILARY BODIES- (ORANGE & WHITE IN MODEL) • F-TO CARRY SMELL IMPULSE

  13. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  14. OPEN THE BRAIN IN HALF • CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES- POSTERIOR PART OF THE PONS • F- TO CARRY MOTOR INFORMATION • PONS- CONNECTS THE CEREBRUM WITH THE CEREBELUM • F-RELAYS SENSORY INFO TO CEREBELLUM & THALAMUS • AND CONTAIN BREATHING CENTER • SUBCONSCIOUS SOMATIC & VISCERAL MOTOR CENTERS • MEDULA OBLONGATA- • F- RELAYS SENSORY INFO TO THALAMUS & BRAIN STEM • TO CONTROL VITAL SIGNS (BLOOD PRESSURE, • HEART RATE, RESPIRATORY RATE)

  15. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  16. Corpora cuadrigemina- • 2 superior colliculies- • F- to process visual sensation for visual reflex • To control reflex mov of eyes, head & neck • 2 inferior colliculies- • F- to process auditory sensation for auditory reflex • To control reflex mov of head, neck, & • trunk (loud voice) • Corpus callosum- • F-to carry info between cerebral hemispheres • Fornix- tracts of white matter that connects limbic system

  17. Septum pellucidum- it separates the lateral Ventricles (1 & 2) • Thalamus- from anterior commisure to pineal gland • F- relays & processing centers for sensory information • Intermediate mass-(brown model); • F- to connect both sides of the thalamus Hypothalamus- from superior to the optic • chiasm to posterior margin of mammillary bodies • F- to control emotions- feeding, hunger & thirst centers • Autonomic f-heart rate, blood pressure, • Respiration & digestive funct • To secrete hormones (adh, oxytocine) • To control circadian rhythms

  18. Epithalamus (pineal body- or gland)- F- to produce melatonin h Setting circadian rhythm Timming human sexual maturation Protects brain against free radicals Location- lies posterior portion of roof of 3rd ventricle Cerebellum- Vermis- (narrow band of cortex along the middline) F- to separate right & left cerebellar hemispheres arbor vitae- white mater of cerebellum Function of cerebellum- adjust postural movement balance and equilibrium Programming fine tuning movement to make movements smoo

  19. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  20. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  21. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  22. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  23. THE CEREBELLUM ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  24. THE CEREBELLUM (ARBOR VITAE)

  25. MENINGES • Meninx= membrane: for protection • Cranial meninges • (From exrternal to internal) • Dura mater-endosteal layer • Dural sinus • Dura mater- meningeal layer • Subdural space • Arachnoid mater • Subarcnoid space contains csf • Pia mater- for nourishment cerebral cortex

  26. CRANIAL MENINGES (CONTINUATION) • Dura mater • Falxcerebri- formed by dura mater along • longitudinal fissure • F- to separate the cerebral hemispheres • Superior sagital sinus- venous sinus within the falxcerebri • Tentoriumcerebelli- on top of the cerebellum • F- to separate the cerebral hemispheres from those of the cerebellum

  27. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  28. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  29. VENTRICLES • Function of the ventricles- to contain CSF • Lateral ventricles (1 & 2) • 3rd ventricle • Interventricular foramen- to connect lateral • ventricle with 3rd ventricle • Cerebral aqueduct- to connect 3rd ventricle • with fourth ventricle • Fourth ventricle • Choroid plexus- function- it contains the ependimal • cells for production of CSF

  30. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  31. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  32. CRANIAL NERVES • I- olfactory n- (not seen in charts, just in model) • F- special sensory, to carry smell impulse • II-optic n- special sensory, to carry visual info • III- oculomotor-motor-to control movement of the muscles of the eyes • IV-troclear-motor, eye movement (superior oblique muscles of the eyes • V-trigeminal- (sensory & motor)- to face chewing muscles • VI-abducens-motor- eye movement. Loc : pons & medulla • F- lateral rectus muscle of the eyes • VII- facial-(sensory & motor)- • F- muscles of facial expression • Carries motor info for face

  33. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  34. VIII- vestibulococlear n- special sensory • Vestibular branch- balance & equilibrium • Cochlear branch- hearing • IX- glosopharyngeal n- sensory & motor- • Head & neck • X-vagus n- sensory & motor- • Organs in thorax & abdomen • XI-accessory n- motor- • Neck, upper back, trapezius & sternocleidomastoid muscles • XII- hypoglossal n- motor- tongue movement

  35. OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM OLFACTORY FIBERS OLFACTORY BULB OLFACTORY TRACT (chapter #17)

  36. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  37. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  38. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM • Parasympathetic or craniosacral division- • To maintain body under resting conditions • Preganglionic neuron: located in CNS, found in brain and • sacral part of spinal cord (s2-s4) • Pregaglionic fibers: from CNS to ganglia • Intramural or terminal ganglion- contain ganglionic neurons • postganglionic fibers: from ganglia to organ • Sympathetic or thoraco lumbar division- To put the body in alert state Preganglionic neuron: in CNS (spinal cord t1-l2) White ramus communicans: contain preganglionic unmyelinatesd fibers Splanchnic nerves – preganglionic fibers Sympathetic chain ganglia: contain ganglionic neurons collateral ganglion: contain ganglionic neurons Gray ramus communicans: contain postganglionic unmylinated fibers

  39. REMEMBER!GO TO THE TUTORING ROOAND PRACTICE WITH MODELS.ROO 3326.

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