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1. INTRODUCTION TO NURSING RESEARCH www.powerpointpresentationon.blogspot.com

2. INTRODUCTION • RESEARCH word is originated from the word “Researche”. • Research = ‘Re’+ search’. • Re means once again ,anew, or a fresh. • Search means to look for something or examine closely & carefully , to look for information, to test and try or to prove.

3. Meaning of Research • Research means “to search again” or “to examinecarefully”, • It is systemic inquiry or study that validate & refine existing knowledge & develop new knowledge. • Research is thus an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement.

4. DEFINITION Researchis the systematic method of exploring , describing , explaining , relating or establishing the existence of phenomenon ,factors that causes changes in the phenomenon and how the phenomenon influences other phenomena. Research is scientific , systematic , controlled, orderly, and objective investigation to develop, refine and expand the body of knowledge.

5. cont……. • “ Scientific research is systematic, controlled, empirical & critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about presumed relations among natural phenomenon.” (Kerlinger ) • Research is essentially a problem solving process , a systematic , intensive study directed towards full scientific knowledge of subject studies.” (Ruth M french) • Research may be defined as the systematic & objective analysis and recording of controlled observation that may lead to the development of generalization , principles , theories resulting in prediction & possible ultimate control of events.” ( J.W.Best)

6. NURSING RESEARCH Nursing research refers to the use of systematic , controlled , empirical ,and critical investigation in attempting to discover or confirm facts that relates to the specific problem or question about the practice of nursing . (Walls & Bauzell)

7. cont…….. • Nursing research develops knowledge about health & promotion of health over the full lifespan , care of person with health problems & disabilities to respond effectively to actual or potential health problems. ( American Nurses Association) “Nursing research is scientific , systematic and orderly process to find out solution for problems concern to nursing or generating and refining the nursing knowledge to improve quality of nursing care , nursing education , nursing administration”. ( S.K.Sharma)

8. PURPOSES OF NURSING RESEARCH • Develop, refine, & extend the body of knowledge which is required for quality nursing care, education & administration. • Link through nursing research ,nursing process, nursing education , nursing theories. • Find the valid answer to the questions concerned to nursing care & practice.

9. Cond….. • Generate new body of Scientific knowledge in nursing & increase that knowledge in depth & breadth • Discover the new facts in nursing so that can develop sound basis for nursing practice. • Enhance professional identity as research is essential component of any profession .

10. Cont….. • Identify nursing care practices that make a difference in the health status of individuals and are cost effective. • Analyze and solve the patient care problem of nursing relevance for betterment of nursing care • Facilitate the ongoing development of nursing knowledge for use in nursing practice.

11. Cont…. • Test the existing nursing theories so as to refine them. • Provide foundation for evidence – based nursing practices. • Obtain valid & reliable information on various aspects of nursing. • Exploration –To discover the problem area • Speculation -To form a theory

12. Cont….. SPECULATION EVALUATION DESCRIPTION EXPLORATION IDENTIFICATION EXPLANATORY

13. NEED FOR NURSING RESEARCH PROVIDING BASIS FOR PROFESSIONALISM. DISCOVERING NEW MEASURES REFINING THE EXISTING THEORIES FILLING THE GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE & PRACTICE IMPROVE THE STANDARDS IN NURSING EDUCATION FOSTERING A COMMITMENT ,ACCOUNTABILITY

14. Characteristics of Good Research 1) Orderly and systematic process 2) Based on current professional issues 3) Begin with clearly defined purposes 4) Emphasize to develop , refine , and expand professional knowledge 5) Directed towards development or testing of theories 6) Finding solution of problem 7) Dedicated to develop empirical evidence

15. Characteristics of Good Research cont……………… 8. Strive to collect first hand information / data. 9. Objective and logical process. 10. Generate findings to refine and improve professional practices. 11. It must be for the general welfare of the society.

16. Characteristics of Good Research cont……………… 12. Carefully recorded and reported 13. Adequately & appropriately analyzed research 14. Patiently carried out activity 15.Confidence & integrity should be there. 16. Conclusion should be with their limitation. 17.Research should be genaralised. 18.It should follow ethical norms.

17. Characteristics of Good Research cont……………… 19. Use of appropriate methodology 20. Conducted on representative sample 21. Conducted through appropriate use of methods and tools of data collection 22. Use of valid & reliable data collection tools 23.Researcher’s expertise , interest, motivation and courage 24. Adequately communicated

18. Qualities of Good Researcher PRODUCTIVE & INNOVATIVE THINKING FREE FROM PERSONAL BIAS ANALYTIC MIND EXCELLENT WRITTEN AND VERBAL COMMUNICATION GOOD OBSERVTIONAL SKILLS CREATIVE & IMAGINATIVE ABILITIES DISCIPLINED & SYSTEMATIC IN A SPECIFIC SEQUENCE HARDWORKING & WILLING TO LEARN

19. TYPES OF RESEARCH

20. BASIC RESEARCH DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH APPLIED RESEARCH ON THE BASIS OF PURPOSES EXPLORATORY RESEARCH EVALUATIVE RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH ACTION RESEARCH .

21. RESEARCH ON THE BASIS OF PURPOSES 1. Basic Research:- is formal & systematic process leading to the development of theories without an obvious immediate commercial value of result.

22. Main aim of basic research – 1. Gather & generate information. 2. Develop or refine theories & principles. 3. Expand the body of knowledge to improve understanding about a discipline.

23. 2. APPLIED RESEARCH It is problem-oriented and action-directed. It seeks an immediate and practical result.

24. Contribution : • It uncovers new facts, which enrich the concerned body of knowledge. • It offers an opportunity to test the validity of existing theories. • It may help in conceptual clarification. • It may integrate existing theories.

25. DIFFERENCIATE B/W Basic Research • Aims to illuminate the theory by enriching the basis of discipline. • Studies a problem usually from the focus of one discipline. • Seek generalizations. Applied Research • Aims to solve a problem by enriching the field of application of a discipline. • Often several disciplines collaborate for solving the problem. • Often studies individual cases without the objective to generalize.

26. Cont…………… • Works on the hypothesis that variables not measured remain constant. • Tries to say why things happen. • Reports in technical language of discipline. • Recognize that other variables are constantly changing. • Tries to say how things can be changed. • Reports in common language.

27. 3. Exploratory Research Exploratory research is the type of research in which the researcher attempts to explore new facts, new theories or new dimensions to existing facts and theories.

28. PURPOSES • To generate new ideas. • To increase the researchers familiarity with the problem. • To make precise formulation of the problem. • To gather information for clarifying concepts. • To determine whether it is feasible to attempt the study.

29. Steps in formularize or exploratory research: • A review of pertinent literature. • An experience survey. • An analysis of insight stimulating cases.

30. 4. Descriptive Research Descriptive research is the type of research study in which the researcher narrates or describes the characteristics of persons, objects, attributes, situations etc and also the phenomena that occur. It aims at answering the ‘what’ and ‘why’ of the current state of some system. Descriptive study is historical nature, is a critical evaluation and examination of past events, developments, and experiences.

31. Advantages : • Descriptive studies have much contribution to science, i.e., helps in theory building. • Descriptive studies highlight important methodological aspects of data collection and interpretation. • Descriptive studies are useful for prediction about respective areas. • Descriptive studies are valuable in providing facts needed for planning program.

32. 5. Evaluative Research Evaluative research is the type of research study in which the researcher investigates about a program, practice, policy etc. and how well it has been working or functioning

33. Cont…….. Evaluation study is made for assessing the effectiveness of social, or economical, or health program implemented or for assessing the impact of developmental projects on the development of the project area (e.g., evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching program on different topics).

34. Types of evaluative research

35. Cont…

36. 6. DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH • It is directed towards discovering what is happening , why it is happening & what can be done. • It aims at identifying the causes if problem &the possible solutions for it. • More directly concern with casual relationship with implication for action. • More actively guided by hypothesis.

37. 7. Action Research Action research is a concurrent evaluative study of an action program launched for solving problems for improving an existing situation. The aim of action research is for development, advancement, excellence and promotion of welfare of people. Action research tries to solve an ongoing problem within some organizational framework by introducing a planned change and observing in the process of result of change.

38. Purposes • To discover whether and how well the objective are being fulfilled. • To determine the research for specific success or failures. • To direct the coarse of experiment with techniques for increasing effectiveness. • To uncover principles underlying a successful program. • To base further research on the reasons for the relative success of alternative techniques.

40. Qualitative research

41. Qualitative Research

42. Quantitative research

43. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CONTRASTED

44. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Contrasted (continued)

45. 1. Phenomenological research • Phenomenology is the science whose purpose is to describe particular phenomena or the appearance of things as lived experience. • It is both philosophy & research method. • It is usually based upon written or oral data gathered from a very small number of participants.

46. 2. Grounded theory • It is an inductive , qualitative research method that seeks to understand & explain the behavior. • Grounded means –theory that develop from the research has its roots in the data from which it was derived. • Aim of theory –to discover underlying forces that shape human behavior.

47. 3. Ethnography research • It is a systematic process of observing, detailing ,describing ,documenting ,& analyzing the life ways. • The primary purpose of the study is to formulate an in-depth description of a culture or subculture of the group being studied. • Goal of study –is to understand the native views of world.

48. 4. Historical research • It is “the induction of principles through research into the past & social forces which have shaped the present”. • It is descriptive in nature. • It is a study of records & other information sources with a view to reconstructing the origin & development of an institution or a movement or a system & discovering the trends in past.

49. (2) According to methods of study Quantitative Research

50. a) Experimental research Experimental research is one in which the researcher make changes in independent variable & studied their effects on dependent variable under controlled conditions .