Domain Bacteria

1. Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya (by K. Foglia)

2. Animal Characteristics • Heterotrophs • must ingest others for nutrients • Multicellular • complex bodies • No cell walls • allows active movement • Sexual reproduction • no alternation of generations • no haploid gametophyte

3. Animal Evolution Cnidaria Nematoda Annelida Echinoderm Porifera Platyhelminthes Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms mollusks segmentedworms insectsspiders starfish vertebrates backbone segmentation endoskeleton coelom Radial Bilateral body cavity bilateral symmetry • Bilateral symmetry • A dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side • A right and left side • Anterior (head) and posterior (tail) ends • Cephalization, the development of a head tissues multicellularity Ancestral Protist

4. Cleavage Cleavage Cross section of blastula Eight-cell stage Blastula Zygote Blastocoel Mouth Anus Endoderm Ectoderm Digestive tube Gastrulation Gastrula Blastopore Anus Mouth Mouth develops from blastopore Anus develops from blastopore • In protostome development • The blastopore becomes the mouth • In deuterostome development • The blastopore becomes the anus • Animal embryos • Form germ layers, embryonic tissues, • including ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm • Diploblastic animals-Have two germ layers • Triploblastic animals- Have three germ layers

5. HOX genes • All animals, and only animals • Have Hox genes that regulate the development of body form • Although the Hox family of genes has been highly conserved • It can produce a wide diversity of animal morphology

6. enhancer translation start translation stop exons 1000+b 20-30b RNA polymerase DNA UTR UTR introns promoter transcription start transcription stop pre-mRNA 5' 3' 5' 3' mature mRNA Hox proteins are transcription factors that bind to the enhancer region (upstream of the TATA promoter region) on the DNA transcriptional unit (gene) 3' 5' TAC ACT TATA DNA GTP AAAAAAAA

7. pseudocoel coelom cavity Body Cavity ectoderm How much is the digestive tract separated from the rest of the body? mesoderm endoderm acoelomate ectoderm mesoderm endoderm • 3 body layers • Ectoderm: skin and nerves • Mesoderm: muscles, kidney, bones • Endoderm: gut and internal organs pseudocoelomate ectoderm mesoderm endoderm coelomate

8. Invertebrate: Porifera food taken into each cell by endocytosis • Sponges • no distinct tissues or organs • do have specialized cells • no symmetry • sessile (as adults)

9. Invertebrate: Cnidaria • Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral • tissues, but no organs • two cell layers • radial symmetry • predators • tentacles surround gut opening • extracellular digestion • release enzymes into gut cavity

10. mouth tentacles sensory cell discharged nematocyst stingingcell undischarged nematocyst hydra trigger stinging cell with nematocyst Stinging cells of Cnidarians

11. ectoderm mesoderm endoderm Invertebrate: Platyhelminthes • Flatworms • tapeworm, planaria • mostly parasitic • bilaterally symmetrical • allows high level of specialization within parts of the body • now have a mouth at one end & an anus at the other!

12. Invertebrate: Nematoda • Roundworms • bilaterally symmetrical • have both mouth & anus • well-developed digestive system • many are parasitic • hookworm C. elegans

13. Invertebrate: Mollusca • Mollusks • clams, snails, squid • bilaterally symmetrical (with exceptions) • soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells • true coelem

14. Invertebrate: Annelida • Segmented worms • earthworms, leeches • segments are not specialized • bilaterally symmetrical • true coelem fan worm leech

15. Invertebrate: Arthropoda • Spiders, insects, crustaceans • most successful animal phylum • bilaterally symmetrical • segmented • allows jointed appendages • exoskeleton • chitin + protein

16. Arthropod groups arachnids 8 legs, 2 body parts spiders, ticks, scorpions crustaceans gills, 2 pairs antennae crab, lobster, barnacles, shrimp insects 6 legs, 3 body parts

17. Invertebrate: Echinodermata • Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber • radially symmetrical • spiny exoskeleton

18. Invertebrate quick check… Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata • Which group includes snails, clams, and squid? • Which group is the sponges? • Which are the flatworms? …segmented worms? …roundworms? • Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton? • Which two groups are radially symmetrical? • Which group has no symmetry?

19. Chordata • Vertebrates • fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals • internal bony skeleton • backbone encasing spinal column • skull-encased brain hollow dorsal nerve cord becomes brain & spinal cord becomes gills or Eustachian tube Oh, look…your firstbaby picture! pharyngeal pouches becomes vertebrae postanal tail becomes tail or tailbone notochord

20. 450 mya salmon, trout, sharks Vertebrates: Fish • Characteristics • body structure • bony & cartilaginous skeleton • jaws & paired appendages (fins) • scales • body function • gills for gas exchange • two-chambered heart; single loop blood circulation • ectotherms • reproduction • external fertilization • external development in aquatic egg gills body

21. Humerus Femur Ulna Pelvis Shoulder Tibia Radius Lobe-finned fish Fibula Femur Pelvis Humerus Shoulder Radius Tibia Ulna Fibula Early amphibian Transition to Land Evolution of tetrapods

22. lung buccal cavity glottis closed 350 mya frogs salamanders toads Vertebrates: Amphibian • Characteristics • body structure • legs (tetrapods) • moist skin • body function • lungs (positive pressure) & diffusion through skin for gas exchange • three-chambered heart;veins from lungs back to heart • ectotherms • reproduction • external fertilization • external development in aquatic egg • metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)

23. leathery shell embryo amnion chorion allantois yolk sac 250 mya dinosaurs, turtles lizards, snakes alligators, crocodile Vertebrates: Reptiles • Characteristics • body structure • dry skin, scales, armor • body function • lungs for gas exchange • thoracic breathing; negative pressure • three-chambered heart • ectotherms • reproduction • internal fertilization • external development in amniotic egg

24. lung trachea anterior air sacs posterior air sacs 150 mya finches, hawk ostrich, turkey Vertebrates: Birds • Characteristics • body structure • feathers & wings • thin, hollow bone;flight skeleton • body function • very efficient lungs & air sacs • four-chambered heart • endotherms • reproduction • internal fertilization • external development in amniotic egg

25. muscles contract diaphragm contracts 220 mya / 65 mya mice, ferret elephants, batswhales, humans Vertebrates: Mammals • Characteristics • body structure • hair • specialized teeth • body function • lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure • four-chambered heart • endotherms • reproduction • internal fertilization • internal development in uterus • nourishment through placenta • birth live young • mammary glands make milk

26. Vertebrates: Mammals • Sub-groups • monotremes • egg-laying mammals • duckbilled platypus, echidna • marsupials • pouched mammals • short-lived placenta • koala, kangaroo, opossum • placental • true placenta • shrews, bats, whales, humans

27. Vertebrate quick check… • Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells? • Which vertebrates are covered with scales? • What adaptations do birds have for flying? • What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have? • Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are endothermic • Why must amphibians live near water? • What reproductive adaptations made mammals very successful? • What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-groups of mammals?

28. That’s the buzz! AnyQuestions?