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2 nd 9 weeks Study Guide

2 nd 9 weeks Study Guide. Dec. 15. 1. What happens during respiration? To release energy from glucose. 2. . What happens in the mitochondria during respiration? Energy is released. 3. . Define fermentation. Energy being released without oxygen. 4. . Why is water important for a cell?

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2 nd 9 weeks Study Guide

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  1. 2nd 9 weeks Study Guide Dec. 15

  2. 1. • What happens during respiration? • To release energy from glucose

  3. 2. • What happens in the mitochondria during respiration? • Energy is released

  4. 3. • Define fermentation. • Energy being released without oxygen.

  5. 4. • Why is water important for a cell? • Most chemical reactions in cells require water.

  6. 5. • Define diffusion. • Molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

  7. 6. • Define osmosis. • Diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.

  8. 7. • What is passive transport? • Movement of materials through a cell without using energy.

  9. 8. • What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells? • Cell membrane pinches into 2 new daughter cells.

  10. 9. • What happens during cytokinesis in plant cells? • A cell plate is formed in the middle of each cell.

  11. 10. • What forms around the chromatids during mitosis? • 2 new nuclei

  12. 11. • Draw metaphase

  13. 12. • Write the correct order of the cell cycle beginning with interphase. You will need to know what each phase looks like. Highlight your diagrams. • Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

  14. 13. • What does Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment state? • Alleles are inherited by chance or random.

  15. 14. • What does Mendel’s Law of Dominance state? • If a dominant allele is present then it will cover up or mask the recessive.

  16. 15. • What is each rung of the DNA ladder made of? • Pairs of nitrogen bases

  17. 16. • What are genes? • Factors that control traits.

  18. 17. • Calculate the probability as a ratio of offspring of 2 hybrid parents. Dominate: 3 in 4 Recessive: 1 in 4

  19. 18. • Know how to calculate probability as percent of offspring of 2 homozygous animals. Dominant: 100%

  20. 19. • What is the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance? • Genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes.

  21. 20. • What happens during meiosis? • Chromosome pairs separate and are distributed into new sex cells.

  22. 21. • When sex cells combine, each one contributes how many? • ½ the number of chromosomes in body cells.

  23. 22. • How many chromosomes are in a human body cell? • 46 or 23 pairs

  24. 23. • How many chromosomes are in a human sex cell? • 23

  25. 24. • Where does protein synthesis take place? • On ribosomes in the cytoplasm

  26. 25. • Amino Acids in protein synthesis

  27. 26. • What determines the order of amino acids being formed? • The order of bases along a gene.

  28. 27. • What does messenger RNA do? • Copies coded message from DNA and carries it into cytoplasm.

  29. 28. • What does transfer RNA do? • Carries amino acids and adds them to the growing protein.

  30. 29. • In protein synthesis, what does A-G-U-C-G pair with? • U-C-A-G-C

  31. 30. • Define alleles. • Different forms of genes.

  32. 31. • 2 identical alleles are • homozygous

  33. 32. • 2 different alleles are • Heterozygous.

  34. 33. • Many genes joined together form • Chromosomes.

  35. 34. • Why does height in humans have a variety of phenotypes? • Height is controlled by at least 4 genes.

  36. 35. • Which traits can be altered by the environment? • Height, weight

  37. 36. • What factors can affect a person’s height? • Both genes and environmental factors.

  38. 37. • Why do genetic engineers need to know how to sequence DNA bases? • To produce proteins.

  39. 38. • How is it possible for adults with Down Syndrome to find work? • They receive education and job training.

  40. 39. • Draw a pedigree showing individuals with children. Parents

  41. 40. • How would you know if a trait in a pedigree is sex linked? • Males would not be shown as carriers.

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