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PowerPoint Presentation. Publisher The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Tinley Park, Illinois. Chapter 14. Wall and Ceiling Construction. Chapter 14 Overview. Introduction Frame Wall Construction Steel Framing General Framing Considerations Masonry Wall Construction Brick Names and Sizes

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  1. PowerPointPresentation PublisherThe Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.Tinley Park, Illinois 1

  2. Chapter 14 Wall and Ceiling Construction 2

  3. Chapter 14 Overview • Introduction • Frame Wall Construction • Steel Framing • General Framing Considerations • Masonry Wall Construction • Brick Names and Sizes • Traditional Three-Coat Stucco 3

  4. Learning Objectives • List the members of a typical frame wall. • Explain methods of frame wall construction. • Explain information shown on a ceiling joist span data chart. • Sketch the various types of exterior walls used in residential construction. (continued) 4

  5. Learning Objectives • Explain the applications, advantages, and disadvantages of steel framing in residential construction. • Identify the basic processes used to produce a quality, three-coat stucco finish. 5

  6. Introduction • Residential wall construction is generally one of three types: • Frame construction. • Masonry construction. • Combination frame and masonry. • Wall panels may be constructed on site or prefabricated at another location. 6

  7. Frame Wall Construction • Frame wall construction involves the proper arrangement of wall framing members. • Typical framing members include: • Sole plate, top plates, studs, and bracing. • Plates and studs are usually 2" x 4" lumber. • Headers or lintels are typically larger stock. • Bracing may be 1" x 4" stock, metal strap, or plywood sheathing. 7

  8. Frame Wall Construction • Computer-generated framing representation. 8 (ART, Inc.)

  9. Frame Wall Construction • Typical framed corner. 9

  10. Frame Wall Construction • Framing lumber must: • Have good stiffness and nail-holding properties. • Be free from warp and easy to work. • Species that meet these criteria include: • Douglas fir, southern yellow pine, hemlock, spruce, and larch. • Lumber grade commonly used is No. 2. • Moisture content should be 15% to 19%. 10

  11. Frame Wall Construction • A wall is usually constructed on the subfloor since it provides a large, flat work surface. • An entire wall panel may be built as a unit or may be built in sections. • Exterior frame walls may be flush with the outside of the foundation wall or moved 1/2" to 3/4" inside for sheathing. 11

  12. Exterior Wall Placement 12

  13. Specialized CADD Software • Specialized CADD software is available to aid in the design of frame walls. • Automatic framing plans and material lists are possible with some software packages. • However, a thorough understanding of frame wall construction is necessary. 13

  14. Bottom Plates • Construction of a frame wall begins with the sole plate. • Stud spacing is marked off on the sole plate. • Sole plate acts as an anchor for the wall panels. 14

  15. Wall Studs • Wall studs are cut to length and nailed to the sole plate. • Usual length of the studs is 7'-0". • A plate is nailed to the top of the studs. • A second plate is added after the wall is in place. • Distance from the top of the subfloor to the bottom of the ceiling joists is usually 8'-1 1/2", providing an 8' wall height. 15

  16. Headers Over Openings • Openings for doors and windows are framed as the studs are put into place. • Each wall opening requires a header to support the weight above the opening in a frame wall. • Headers are made with solidblocking or cripple construction. 16

  17. Solid Blocking • In solid blocking, the header size is increased to completely fill the space from the top of the rough opening to the top plate. 17

  18. Solid Blocking Headers • Solid blocking headers are made from two 2" x 12" pieces of dimensional lumber with 1/2" plywood between them to form a 3-1/2" thick header. • Trimmers are placed inside the opening to support the header. • Construction time is reduced, but shrinkage is increased. 18

  19. Cripple Construction for Headers • Headers with cripple construction uses cripple studs to fill the space between the header and top plate. • Cripple studs are short studs. • Trimmers are placed inside the opening to support the header. 19

  20. Cripple Construction for Headers 20

  21. Headers • Header size will vary with the span and load requirements. • The length of a header is equal to the width of the rough opening plus the thickness of two trimmers. • Trussed headers are required for openings wider than 8'-0" or where heavy loads are expected. 21

  22. Headers ` • The rough opening for a window is the area between the trimmers and the rough sill and header. 22

  23. Header Sizes and Spans 23

  24. Trussed Headers • Trussed headers increase the supporting strength and possible span. 24

  25. Rough Openings in Frame Walls • Rough openings for windows and doors are dimensioned to the center of the opening in a frame wall. • Specific dimensions are provided by the window and door schedule. • Width is listed first and the height second. • Rough opening height is usually 6'-10". 25

  26. Exterior Corners and Bracing • There are several methods of framing exterior corner walls • The corner must provide a nailing edge for interior wall material • The corner must provide adequate support for the structure (continued) 26

  27. Exterior Corners and Bracing • Corner framing. 27

  28. Exterior Corners and Bracing • Corner bracing is required by most codes. • Two methods of bracing are commonly used: • Diagonal corner bracing using 1" x 4" lumber or metal straps. • Corner bracing using a sheet of 1/2" plywood or similar panel. 28

  29. Exterior Corners and Bracing • Corner bracing. 29

  30. Interior Framed Walls • Interior framed walls are constructed in the same way as exterior walls. • They have sole plates, studs, and double top plates. • Interior walls are securely fastened to the walls they intersect. • A nailing edge must be provided for drywall, paneling, etc. 30

  31. Interior Framed Walls • Framing intersecting walls. 31

  32. Steel Framing • Steel framing is gaining in popularity for several reasons. • Quality wood is scarce and expensive. • Steel framing has performed well in commercial construction. • Steel framing is made from a recyclable material. • Price of steel has been relatively stable. 32

  33. Steel Framing • Steel framing is used on this large structure. 33

  34. Steel Framing • Advantages for the builder include: • Generally fewer framing members required. • Steel will not rot, shrink, swell, split, or burn. • Steel is consistent in quality and pricing. • Standard precut shapes are available. • Lengths up to 40' are possible. • Steel members weigh less than wood. • Framing members have prepunched holes for piping and electrical wiring. • Accommodates typical finishing materials. 34

  35. Steel Framing • Advantages for the homeowner include: • Does not require treatment for termites. • Free of chemicals needed to treat wood. • Provides increased design flexibility. • Resists fire, earthquake, and hurricanes. • Lower insurance premium. • Remodeling is easier because nonbearing walls can be easily removed, altered, and relocated. 35

  36. Steel Framing • Environmental benefits include: • All steel products are recyclable without degradation or loss of properties. • The steel industry is the single largest recycler in North America. • Steel is the easiest and most economical material to remove from the solid waste stream. • The amount of energy required to produce a ton of steel is continually being reduced. 36

  37. Steel Framing • Disadvantages include: • Lack of familiarity with the product. • Education about steel framing systems’ methods and capabilities is needed. • Engineering analysis is required. • Thermal performance of steel frame structures remains unanswered. • Steel framing members are flimsy and hard to work with and eye protection is absolutely required. 37

  38. Steel Framing Components • The structural C or C-section is the most used shape for framing. • Standard dimensions are nearly identical to those of dimensional lumber. • Flange widths are generally 1-1/2" and webs range from 2" to 12". • Thickness ranges from 12 to 22 gauge . • Load-bearing applications use 16 to 20 gauge steel C-sections. 38

  39. Steel Framing Components • Light gauge steel framing. 39

  40. Steel Framing Components • The C-section is available unpunched or prepunched in lengths from 8' to 16'. • Track or channel members are used for rim joists, top and bottom plates, and blocking. • Track is available in lengths up to 10'. • Hot-rolled channel is used for furring. • All members are fastened with screws. 40

  41. Steel Framing Application • Base of wall at slab on grade. 41

  42. Steel Wall and Roof Systems • Construction elements of a framed house include three main assemblies: • Floors, walls, and roofs. • Two types of steel studs are used for walls: • Structural C for load-bearing walls. • Drywall studs for nonbearing partitions. 42

  43. Steel Wall and Roof Systems • C studs range in size from 2-1/2" to 8" and thickness from .034" to .071". • Drywall studs range from 1-5/8" to 6" and thickness from .018" to .034". • The broad range of steel framing members available allows this system to be used in virtually any roof system. 43

  44. Steel Wall and Roof Systems • Steel framed roof section. 44

  45. Ceiling Construction • Ceiling joists may be put in place after exterior and interior walls are finished. • Joists are generally positioned in the same direction as the rafters. • Ceiling joist size will depend on load, span, wood species, joist spacing, etc. • Check your local code. 45

  46. Ceiling Construction • See Figure 14-16 in the text for more span data. 46

  47. Ceiling Construction • Basic construction of the ceiling is similar to floor construction, except: • A header is not required around the perimeter. • Smaller size lumber is used. • Long spans may require support from a bearing wall partition or beam. 47

  48. Ceiling Construction • Two methods of supporting ceiling joists with a built-up beam. 48

  49. Ceiling Construction • The upper corner of a ceiling joist often interferes with the roof slope. • The corner is usually cut to match the slope. 49

  50. General Framing Considerations • An access hole must be provided in the ceiling to allow entry into the attic. • Framing around ceiling openings is the same as for openings in the floor. • Double headers are used for large holes. • Special framing is required for openings for heating ducts, wall backing for various fixtures, and extra support for the bathtub. 50

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