The Early Industrial and Transportation Revolution

1. The Early Industrial and Transportation Revolution

3. Westward Movement Americans marched quickly toward west very hard w/ disease & loneliness Frontier people were individualistic, superstitious & ill-informed Westward movement molded environment tobacco exhausted land “Kentucky blue grass” thrived

9. City growth

10. The March of the Millions High birthrate accounted for population growth Population doubling every 25 years Near 1850s, millions of Irish, German came Beginning in 1830, immigration in the US soared

12. Hated because they were willing to work for lessHated because they were willing to work for less

13. Irish Immigration Irish Potato Famine 1845-1849 Main ports of entry – New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston Irish were too poor to move inland and farm so they stayed in the cities Boston did not particularly like the Irish – catholic, illiterate, poor “No Irish need apply!” Ancient Order of Hibernians Benevolent society to help Irish Spawned “Molly Maguires” (miners union) Gradually improved and became active politically NY’s Tammany Hall, Irish political machine Hated because they were willing to work for lessHated because they were willing to work for less

14. German Immigration Most Germans came due to crop failures Germans better off than Irish, came west, many to Wisconsin A few were political refugees from collapse of democratic revolutions in 1848 German contributions include Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree, kindergarten, and abolitionists Some Americans were suspicious because they tried to preserve language, culture and lived in separate communities, and drank beer

18. Early Nativism American “nativists” feared 1840s & 1850s invasion of immigrants Took jobs, grew Roman Catholicism Catholics built their own schools, were #1 denomination by 1850 1849: Nativists form Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, developed into “Know-Nothing” party Wanted immigration restrictions Nativists occasionally violent, burned Boston convent (1834) Philadelphia Irish fought back, 13 killed in several days of fighting (1844)

19. A shift from goods made by hand to factory and mass production Technological innovations brought production from farmhouse to factories Invented in Britain in 1750; smuggled to U.S. Beginning of US Factory System US slow to embrace factory system Scarce labor Little capital Superiority of British factories

24. Population shift because of westward expansion the West demanded transportation. The Land Act of 1820, gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash Erie Canal started in 1817 and completed in 1825 NY Governor DeWitt Clinton built the Erie Canal Connected New York City from Hudson River with the Great Lakes and the West Clinton’s Big Ditch--------Other canals follow Navigable rivers and the steamboat the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.

29. Highways Bad roads made transportation highly unreliable The National Road begun in 1811 and completed by 1832 Connected Maryland to Illinois. Built by US government

34. The Railroad Revolution,1850s 1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy Americans demanded transcontinental railroad to California. Completed by 1869. Faster, cheaper, more reliable than canals, defied terrain & weather. 1st RR in 1828; by 1860, 33,000 miles of track, most in North. Obstacles eventually overcome: Pullman “sleeping palace” produced in 1859 Faster, cheaper, more reliable than canals, defied terrain & weather. 1st RR in 1828; by 1860, 33,000 miles of track, most in North. Obstacles eventually overcome: Pullman “sleeping palace” produced in 1859

36. Pioneer Railroad Promoters 1800 to 1850: Roads, canals, navigable rivers with steamboats were the main modes of transportation. 1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy Competition between Railroads and Canals Obstacles opposition from canal backers danger of fire poor brakes difference in track gauge meant changing trains

38. Map rr

39. Effects of the Transportation Revolution 1860-61, Pony Express connected East-West Telegraph instantly sent messages across US Attraction of many large capital investments and encouraged risk taking in the US economy People moved faster and country expanded Unifying spirit among fellow country men A need for a transcontinental railroad that connected east to west

41. Trails

44. The Lowell Mills Americans beat the British at their own game, made better factories Francis C Lowell (a British “traitor”) came over here to build British factories met up with Boston mechanic, Paul Moody Together they improved the mill and invented a power loom that revolutionized textile manufacturing

45. Young New England farm girls Supervised on and off the job Worked 6 days a week, 13 hours a day Escorted to church on Sunday

46. Women & the Economy 1850: 10% of white women working for pay outside home Vast majority of working women were single Left paying jobs upon marriage “Cult of domesticity” Cultural idea that glorifies homemaker Empowers married women Increased power & independence of women in home led to decline in family size

47. Workers & Wage Slaves With industrial revolution, large impersonal factories surrounded by slums full of “wage slaves” developed Long hours, low wages, unsanitary conditions, lack of heat, etc. Labor unions illegal 1820: 1/2 of industrial workers were children under 10

48. Workers & Wage Slaves 1820s & 1830s: right to vote for laborers Loyalty to Democratic party led to improved conditions Fought for 10-hour day, higher wages, better conditions 1830s & 1840s: Dozens of strikes for higher wages or 10-hour day 1837 depression hurt union membership Commonwealth v. Hunt Supreme Court ruled unions not illegal conspiracies as long as they were peaceful

54. Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine Cotton gin invented in 1793 50 times more effective than hand picking Raising cotton more profitable South needs slavery more than ever for “King Cotton”

61. Eli Whitney also invents principle of interchangeable parts, used in muskets for army. 1850: principle widely adopted, led to mass production, & gave North large industrial plants, military superiority over South. Eli Whitney also invents principle of interchangeable parts, used in muskets for army. 1850: principle widely adopted, led to mass production, & gave North large industrial plants, military superiority over South.