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MACAQUE:Practice and Possibilities of Non Surgical Sterilisation for Humane Population Control

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MACAQUE:Practice and Possibilities of Non Surgical Sterilisation for Humane Population Control

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    1. MACAQUE:Practice and Possibilities of Non Surgical Sterilisation for Humane Population Control Dr Karthiyani Krishnasamy, DVM, MVM, MRCVS. SPCA Hong Kong

    2. Hong Kong Macaques Their Story

    3. 1819 - “The Gazetteer of the Xin’an County” monkeys are indigenous. 1947- Dr Glover M.Alen identified these macaques as Rhesus macaque- Macaca mulatta

    4. 1950’s- Long tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were introduced 1960’s-Tibetan macaques(Macaca tibetana) were introduced. The last pure feral tibetan macaque died in 1995

    5. After CL Wong

    6. Hybrids

    7. Hong Kong

    8. CONFLICTS

    9. Distribution of conflict area

    10. Increasing macaque population and urban human macaque conflict HK government - AFCD( Agricultural and Fisheries Department) in 1998 established “Working Group on Monkey Population in Hong Kong” with view to work out a feasible management plan for the local monkeys.

    11. Objectives To reduce the chance of human/monkey conflicts in short term To control and manage a self sustaining population of macaques with minimal human intervention in long term

    12. The plan includes Ban feeding by public Habitat management enhancing natural carrying capacity by planting suitable food plants Public education Fertility control and parallel health program Monkey proof litter bins Ongoing revision of the plan to suit ongoing conflicts

    13. Macaque population 1981-Charles and Karen Southwick 113 macaques 1991 -WWF Study -600 macaques in Kowloon area 1992/1993 – CL Wong study - population growth ‘92 is 5.6% and ‘93 is 7.8%/annum Current population is estimated at 2000 macaques at a growth rate of approx. 6%

    14. Fertility control Reduce pop growth by 50% Decrease growth rate to 3% in 5 years Target application of contraceptive to 50-75% of population

    15. Female - immunocontraception SpayVacTM was developed in the early 1990s by scientists from Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. SpayVacTM has been applied to over 10 mammalian wildlife species including fallow deer, white-tailed deer, wolves, horses and seals - with a 90 - 100% effectiveness rate. (www. immunovaccine.com). Hong Kong is the first city to test SpayVacTM on macaques, and the first place in the world to conduct field trials of applying contraceptive to wild macaques

    16. Concept Biology?- The porcine zona pellucida (PZP) antigens contained in the contraceptive vaccine cause a treated female mammal to produce antibodies that adhere to the surface of her own eggs’ zona pellucida, preventing sperm from binding, thus blocking fertilization.

    17. Males- chemical castration Injections of sclerosing agents (3.5% formalin solution in 90% ethanol) into the tail of both epididymides Irreversible azoospermia via chemical occlusion, with secondary testicular atrophy

    18. Preliminary Findings “Preliminary Results of Trial contraceptive treatment with SpayVacTM on Wild Monkeys in Hong Kong” Hong Kong biodiversity/AFCD Newsletter, Issue No. 6 March 2004, CL Wong and Gary Chow Initial trials were conducted in captive macaque to ensure good follow up and treatment in case of mishaps

    19. Field Trial at Kam Shan and Lion Rock Country Parks Commenced 2002-2003 and ongoing now

    20. THE ONGOING PROJECT -Tender out due to internal structure change in the govt AFCD +OPCF +SPCA

    21. SURVEY AND TRAPPING

    23. Anaesthesia

    24. HEALTH CHECK

    28. Endoscopic Sx TUBAL LIGATION VS SPAYVACTM

    30. Conclusion Urban Human-Macaque conflict management requires a holistic approach and a well thought out plan, Hong Kong AFCD plan is a good benchmark and model Numbers of complaints have reduced by 37% from 2007 to date due to conflict management measures Population control MUST go hand in hand with conflict management Non surgical sterilisation is an option to control population in areas with large number of macaques but need constant survey and monitoring and ongoing long term applications and programs

    31. Lessons Learned CL Wong Govt +Welfare + Zoological can work together with good outcome for a common goal

    32. Dogs Cats Macaques Elephants Deer Etc HUMANS????????????????

    33. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT CLWONG - AFCD HK SPCA HK OP Conservation Fund HK Tai Wai Exotic Clinic

    34. Thank you

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