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Biology Chapters 27-31 Pg 545. Botany – study of plants Cereals – grains, ex: rice, wheat, corn, oats Roots – beets, carrots, turnips, potatoes - low in amino acids ??? Legumes – peas, beans, peanuts, protein , bacteria fix nitrogen in soil (pg 373, 415)
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Biology Chapters 27-31Pg 545 • Botany – study of plants • Cereals – grains, ex: rice, wheat, corn, oats • Roots – beets, carrots, turnips, potatoes - low in amino acids??? • Legumes – peas, beans, peanuts, protein, bacteria fix nitrogen in soil (pg 373, 415) • Fruits – from a flower; nuts are dry, hard fruits • Vegetables – from leaves, stems, roots
Fertilizers – extra nutrients for plants, chemical or natural (organic, manure, compost) • Pesticides – kills bugs on plants, chemical or natural (hot spices) • Herbicides – weed killer, chemical or natural (ground cover) • Nonfood uses – Pg 548-50 • Addictive Plants – Pg 556
Types of Plants Chapter 28 Pg 564 • NONVASCULAR Phylum Bryophytes – mosses 1. nonvascular plants 2. no tubes for water or food 3. absorbs water from ground 4. lives in damp, low areas 5. pioneer species 6. creates soil 7. no true roots, stems, leaves
VASCULAR – tubes (xylem for water, phloem for sugar) 1. With spores instead of seeds – ex: ferns Pg 580 2. With seeds A.Gymnosperms – cones male & female Pg 611 & 581 B. Angiosperms – flowers 1. monocot 2. dicot handouts, Pg 576, 613
Chapter 29 Pg 583Plant Tissues • Leaf layers – handout, Pg 601 • Types of roots Pg 587 • Taproot – one main root, dicots, dandelions • Fibrous roots – many little roots, monocots, grass
Stem growthPg 586 • Apical Meristems– grow from top of stem or root Pg 588, grass grows after mowing, primary growth, monocots • Lateral Meristems– grow in diameter, secondary, dicots 1. Vascular Cambium – makes more tubes 2. Cork Cambium – replaces epidermis w/ dead cork, can’t change size, ruptures as tree grows & makes bark look rough
Heartwood – old xylem in center of tree that doesn’t transport water anymore, dark • Sapwood – functional xylem wood, light • Annual Rings – thick springwood, lots of water - thin summerwood due to less water - Pg 595
Stem FunctionsPg 596 • Translocation – moving sugar using pressure • Transpiration – moving water using: cohesion – water attracted to water adhesion – water attracted to xylem wall capillarity – thinness of xylem draws water up like a straw
Pollination & Seed Dispersal/StructureChapter 30 Pg 616-20 • Wind – flat flowers, lots of pollen/seeds • Animals – colorful, smelly flowers, tasty fruit, sticky seeds/fruit/burs • Water – seeds or fruits able to float • Seed Coat – protection • Endosperm – nutrients in seed to help germination (sprouting)
Chapter 31 Pg 632Plant Hormones • Auxins– growth • Gibberellins–big fruit, grapes Pg 634 • Ethylene – ripening fruit (keep fruit in bag to ripen faster)
Plant MovementPg 636 • Photropism – plant in window moves toward sun • Heliotropism – sunflowers follow sun all day • Thigmotropism – vines hold on to what it contacts • Gravitropism – roots grow towards gravity, stems grow away from gravity • Thigmonastic– leaves close on contact
Seasonal ResponsesPg 640 • Photoperiodism – plants that respond to length of day short day plants – need more darkness ex: poinsettia, ragweed (fall allergies), mums, fall flowers long day plants – need more light ex: wheat, summer flowers
Fall ColorsPg 642 • Less chlorophyll when less sun. • Carotenoids visible: (always there but hidden) 1. xanthophylls – yellow/orange 2. anthocyanins - reds
