Organized Workshop at the 11 th EASTS Network Meeting Tokyo Tech, Nov.15-16, 2013

1. Gender Segregation on Campuses: A Cross-Time Comparison in the Higher Education Sector among Japan, Korea and Taiwan Organized Workshop at the 11th EASTS Network Meeting Tokyo Tech, Nov.15-16, 2013

2. Presenters and Discussant • Presenters (research team) : • Yen-Wen Peng (National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan) • Mariko Ogawa (Mie University, Japan) • Eunkyoung Lee(Chunbuk National University, South Korea) • Ginko Kawano (Yamagata University, Japan) • Kae Takarabe (Chubu University, Japan) • Hisako Ohtsubo (Nihon University, Japan) • Li-Ling Tsai(National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan) • Discussant: • Neelam Kumar (National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies, India)

3. Background • The UN called for sex-disaggregated data in all areas of development, including S&T, at the 1995 Beijing World Conference on Women. • The EC formed a Women and Science Working Group (WSG) in 2000 to coordinate actions to promote women in European research. • The publication of She figures 2003 is remarked as “the initiator of ‘a new era’, making available sex-disaggregated data on human resources in the European Research Area”

4. Background • The idea to establish an East-Asian network to promote gender equity in science and technology emerged in 2006, initiated by Professor Mariko Ogawa, and engaged feminist scholars from Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. • The team began establishing a comparable framework and collecting statistics of university students since 2012. A roundtable discussion of the preliminary findings took place at the 10th EASTS Network Conference in Seoul. • This workshop is a follow-up of the roundtable discussion, and the statistics of faculty members in higher education sector is added in addition to those of students.

5. Methodology • The data of this paper were collected from secondary governmental statistics by authors from each country. • Reclassified according to She Figures, which draws on • ISCED 97 (International Standard Classification of Education, 1997 version) for the classification of fields of study 7 fields • the Canberra Manual (ISCED 76) for the classification of fields of S&T employment 6 fields.

6. SEX-DISAGGREGATED STATISTICS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

7. F.1 Proportion of female PhD graduates

8. F.2 Numbers of PhD graduates across the broad fields of study by sex

9. F.3 Distribution of PhD graduates across the broadfields of study by sex

10. F.4 Compound annual growth rate of PhD graduates by sex

11. F.5 Compound annual growth rate of PhD graduates by broad fields of study, 2004-2011

19. SEX-DISAGGREGATED STATISTICS OF Academic Staff (FACULTY)

20. F.13 a Numbers of Academic staff by sex, 2004 F.13 b Numbers of Academic staff by sex, 2011

21. F.14 Proportion of Academic Staff by Grade

22. F.15 Proportion of men and women in a typical academic career, students and academic staff, JP, Korea and Taiwan (2004)

23. F.16 Proportion of men and women in a typical academic career, students and academic staff, JP, Korea and Taiwan (2011)

30. ●Equal Employment Opportunity Act for Men and Women (1985) Korea Taiwan Japan ▲ Equal Employment Act (1987) ▲ Women’s Development Act (1995) ▲ Act on Support of Women-Owned Business Enterprises (1999) ▲ Basic Law of S&T (2001) ▲ Women’s Development Act: Agriculture and Fisheries (2001) ▲ Act on Fostering and Supporting Women in Science and Technology (2002) ▲ Development of RTS for Women in S&T(2003?) ▲ Promotion Target System (PTS) (2006) 1990 1990 ● Established Headquarters for Promotion of Gender Equality in the Cabinet(1994) ★Commission on Women’s Right Promotion (CWRP) of Executive Yuan(1997) 1995 1995 ★ Local Government Act(1999): ¼ quota for women councilors ● The Basic Law for a Gender-equal Society(1999) ● The Basic Plan for Gender Equality(2000) ● Promoting the Participation of Women in National Advisory Councils and Committees (2000) ● Recruiting and Promoting of Female National Public Officers (2001) ● The Promotion of Measures to Support Women‘s Challenges (2003) ~ Numerical target: “30% by 2020” in leading positions in various fields~ ● 2nd Basic Plan for Gender Equality (2005) ● Supporting Activities for Female Researchers (2006) ● Restart Postdoctoral Fellowship (RPD) ＆ Support for female students  interested in the science stream (2006) ● Supporting Positive Activities for Female Researchers (2009) ● Supporting Research Activities of Female Researchers (2011) ● Funding Program for World-Leading Innovative R&D on Science and  Technology （FIRST)(2011) <25% female> ★ Gender Equal Employment Act (2002) ★ Gender Equity Education Act (2004) 2000 2000 ★ Gender Mainstreaming Implementation Plan of Executive Yuan (2005) ★ 1/3 quota for each sex in all Central Government councils (2005) ★ Gender Mainstreaming Task Force established at National Science Council (2006) ★ Special Budget on Gender and Science research grants (2007) ★ Child Rearing Grace Period for NSC grants applicants(2007) ★ Child Rearing Grace Period for academic promotion (2010) ★CWRP became Commission on Gender Equity, new sector of environment, energy, and technology added (2010) ★ Department of Gender Equality of Executive Yuan established (2012) 2005 2005 2010 2010

31. Questions for discussion • How do we characterize and interpret the statistics and trends in each country respectively? • Can we explain the changes or lack of changes in terms of the related social, economic, cultural and policy factors in these countries? (cf. the chart of Gender and S&T Milestones in Japan, Korea and Taiwan) • How is an Asian version of She Figures necessary and/or possible?

32. Thank you for your attention • Special thanks to: • Research Assistants from Taiwan: Yu-Ching Juang, Nel Lin, & Yungchi Juang, who help with the calculation of statistics and the making of all charts and tables for the paper.