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Physics with a Neutrino Factory Complex

Physics with a Neutrino Factory Complex. -- Principles -- performance -- other physics and muon collider -- R&D in Europe and elsewhere. This summarizes the work of several 100 authors who recently published 'ECFA/CERN studies of a European Neutrino Factory Complex' CERN 2004-002

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Physics with a Neutrino Factory Complex

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  1. Physics with a Neutrino Factory Complex -- Principles -- performance -- other physics and muon collider -- R&D in Europe and elsewhere This summarizes the work of several 100 authors who recently published 'ECFA/CERN studies of a European Neutrino Factory Complex' CERN 2004-002 ECFA/04/230 and of the US-based Muon Collaboration (S. Geer & R. Palmer et al)

  2. -- Neutrino Factory --CERN layout 1016p/s 1.2 1014 m/s =1.2 1021 m/yr _ 0.9 1021 m/yr m+ e+ne nm 3 1020 ne/yr 3 1020 nm/yr oscillates ne nm interacts givingm- WRONG SIGN MUON interacts giving m+

  3. Iron calorimeter Magnetized Charge discrimination B = 1 T R = 10 m, L = 20 m Fiducial mass = 40 kT Detector Also: L Arg detector: magnetized ICARUS Wrong sign muons, electrons, taus and NC evts *-> Events for 1 year nmsignal (sin2q13=0.01) nm CC ne CC Baseline 732 Km 1.1 x 105 CF ne signal at J-PARC =40 3.5 x 107 5.9 x 107 1.0 x 105 3500 Km 2.4 x 106 1.2 x 106

  4. right-sign muons • wrong-sign muons • electrons/positrons • positive t-leptons • negative t -leptons • no leptons 4 Oscillation parameters can be extracted using energy distributions Simulated distributions for a 10kt LAr detectorat L = 7400 km from a 30 GeV nu-factory with1021m+decays. Events Bueno, Campanelli, Rubbia; hep-ph/00050007 X2 (m+ stored and m- stored) Note: nent is specially important (Ambiguity resolution & Unitarity test): Gomez-Cadenas et al. EVIS (GeV)

  5. Linder et al. Above plot obtained with Golden channel, one sign only and one distance. Emphasizes very low systematics, and degeneracies

  6. Neutrino fluxesm+ -> e+nenm nm/n e ratio reversed by switching m+/ m- ne nm spectra are different No high energy tail. Very well known flux (aim is 10-3) - absolute flux measured from muon current or by nm e--> m-ne in near expt. -- in triangle ring, muon polarization precesses and averages out (preferred, -> calib of energy, energy spread) -- E&sE calibration from muon spin precession -- angular divergence: small effect if q < 0.2/g, can be monitored -- in Bow-tie ring, muon polarization stays constant, no precession 20% easy -> 40% hard Must be measured!!!! (precision?) Physics gain not large m polarization controls ne flux: m+ -X> nein forward direction

  7. CP asymmetries compare ne to ne probabilities m is prop matter density, positive for neutrinos, negative for antineutrinos HUGE effect for distance around 6000 km!! Resonance around 12 GeV when Dm223 cos2q13  m = 0

  8. 5-10 GeV 10-20 GeV 20-30 GeV 30-40 GeV 40-50 GeV CP violation (ctd) • Matter effect must be subtracted. One believes this can be done with uncertainty • Of order 2%. Also spectrum of matter effect and CP violation is different • It is important to subtract in bins of measured energy. • knowledge of spectrum is essential here! 40 kton L M D 50 GeV nufact 5 yrs 1021m /yr In fact, 20-30 GeV Is enough! Best distance is 2500-3500 km e.g. Fermilab or BNL -> west coast or …

  9. Bueno, Campanelli, Rubbia hep-ph/0005-007

  10. e.g. Rigolin, Donini, Meloni

  11. Silver A. Donini et al channel at neutrino factory High energy neutrinos at NuFact allow observation of net (wrong sign muons with missing energy and P). UNIQUE Liquid Argon or OPERA-like detector at 732 or 3000 km. Since the sind dependence has opposite sign with the wrong sign muons, this solves ambiguities that will invariably appear if only wrong sign muons are used. d q13 associating taus to muons (no efficencies, but only OPERA mass) studies on-going equal event number curves muon vstaus ambiguities with only wrong sign muons (3500 km)

  12. Wrong sign muons alone Wrong sign muons and taus Wrong sign muons and taus + previous exp.

  13. red vs blue = different baselines red vs blue = muons and taus dashed vs line = different energy bin (most powerful is around matter resonance @ ~12 GeV)

  14. Conclusion: Neutrino Factory has many handles on the problem (muon sign + Gold + Silver + different baselines + binning in energy ) thanks to high energy! "It could in principle solve many of the clones for q13down to 10 The most difficult one is the octant clone which will require a dedicated analysis" (Rigolin)

  15. Where will this get us… X 5 0.10 130 2.50 50 10 Mezzetto comparison of reach in the oscillations; right to left: present limit from the CHOOZ experiment, expected sensitivity from the MINOS experiment,CNGS (OPERA+ICARUS) 0.75 MW JHF to super Kamiokande with an off-axis narrow-band beam, Superbeam: 4 MW CERN-SPL to a 400 kt water Cerenkov@ Fréjus (J-PARC phase II similar) Neutrino Factory with 40 kton large magnetic detector.

  16. 3 sigma sensitivity of various options Superbeam only Beta-beam only Betabeam + superbeam NUFACT

  17. Other physics opportunities at a n-factory complex Related to high intensity Could begin as soon as SPL/accumulator is build: -High intensity low energy muon experiments -- rare muon decays and muon conversion (lepton Flavor violation) -- GF, g-2, edm, muonic atoms, e+m- <-> e-m+ --> design of target stations and beamlines needed. - 2d generation ISOLDE (Radioactive nuclei) -- extend understanding of nuclei outside valley of stability -- muonic atoms with rare nuclei(?) if a sufficient fraction of the protons can be accelerated to E>15 GeV: -High intensity hadron experiments -- rare K decays (e.g.K-> p0 n n) In parallel to long baseline neutrino experiments: -short baseline neutrino experiments (standard fluxes X104) -- DIS on various materials and targets, charm production -- NC/CC -> mw (10-20 MeV) nme nme & nee nee -> sin2qweff (2.10-4) --> design of beamline + detectors needed

  18. From neutrino factory to Higgs collider More cooling + sE/E reduction Separate m+ & m- , add transfer lines Upgrade to 57.5 GeV m+m-h (115) Muon collider: a small…. but dfficult ring

  19. muon collider…… can do everything an electron-positron collider can do, but with + a very small energy spread (10-4 or better) and extremely well known energy. ++ the coupling to Higgs bosons is proportional to ml2 i.e. it is 4 104 higher for muons than electrons -- Problem with neutrino radiation background for E> 3 TeV -- need very large cooling factor!

  20. Higgs factory m+ m- h(115) - S-channel production of Higgs is unique feature of Muon collider - no beamstrahlung or Synch. Rad., g-2 precession => outstanding energy calibration (OK) and resolutionR=DE/E (needs ideas and R&D, however!) Dmh=0.1 MeV DGh=0.3 MeV D sh->bb / sh = 1% very stringent constraints on Higgs couplings (m,t,b)

  21. Higgs Factory #2: m+ m- H, A SUSY and 2DHM predict two neutral heavy Higgs with masses close to each other and to the charged Higgs, with different CP number, and decay modes. Cross-sections are large. Determine masses & widths to high precision. Telling H from A: bb and tt cross-sections (also: hh, WW, ZZ…..) investigate CP violating H/A interference.

  22. Neutrino Factory studies and R&D USA, Europe, Japan have each their scheme. Only one has been costed, US study II: + detector: MINOS * 10 = about 300 M€ or M$ Neutrino Factory CAN be done…..but it is too expensive as is. Aim: ascertain challenges can be met + cut cost in half.

  23. Neutrino Factory Concept - 1 25 Example: US Design Study 2 • Make as many charged pions as possible INTENSE PROTON SOURCE • (In practice this seems to mean one with a beam power of 4 MW) • Capture as many charged pions as possible Low energy pionsGood pion capture scheme • 3. Capture as many daughter muons as possible within an acceleratorReduce phase-space occupied by the s Muon cooling • 4. Accelerate FAST! NB. Energy of proton source not so relevant 2-50 GeV considered

  24. Neutrino Factory Concept - 2 26 UK Design Fast cycling synchrotron Japanese Design J-PARC based

  25. ECFA recommendations (September 2001:) MUTAC ( 14-15 jan 2003)(US) The committee remains convinced that this experiment, which is absolutely required to validate the concept of ionization cooling, and the R&D leading to it should be the highest priority of the muon collaboration. Planning and design for the experiment have advanced dramatically(…) EMCOG: (6 feb 2003) (Europe) (…)EMCOG was impressed by the quality of the experiment, which has been well studied, is well organized and well structured. The issue of ionization cooling is critical and this justifies the important effort that the experiment represents. EMCOG recommends very strongly a timely realization of MICE. MUTAC: Muon Technical Advisory Committee (Helen Edwards, et al) (US) EMCOG: European Muon Coordination and Oversight Group (C. Wyss et al)

  26. We are working towards a “World Design Study” with an emphasis on cost reduction. 28 S. Geer: Why we are optimistic/enthusiastic – US perspective: Note: In the Study 2 design roughly ¾ of the cost came from these 3 roughly equally expensive sub-systems.New design has similar performance to Study 2 performance but keeps both m+ and m- ! Good hope for improvement in performance ad reduction of cost!

  27. The four priorities set up by EMCOG (European Muon Coordination and Oversight Group) -- High intensity proton driver (SPL; etc..) -- High power target -- high rep rate collection system (horns, solenoid) -- Ionization coolng demonstration These will correspond to the workpackages of the ECFA/ESGARD superbeam/neutrino factory feasibility study

  28. Targetry: The Study 2 Design used a 20 m/s Hg Jet in a 20 T Solenoid 0 T 10 T 20 T 30 BNL E951 Hg Jet Tests CERN/Grenoble Hg Jet Tests • 1cm diameter Hg Jet • V = 2.5 m/s • 24 GeV 4 TP Proton Beam • No Magnetic Field • 4 mm diameter • Hg Jet • v = 12 m/s • No Proton • Beam

  29. Targetry: Proposal to test a 10m/s Hg Jet in a 15T Solenoid with an Intense Proton Beam Muon Collaboration 31 Note: The solenoid is under construction, and the Hg-jet under development. • Participating Institutions • RAL • CERN • KEK • BNL • ORNL • Princeton University

  30. The HARP experiment Spectrometer resolution 24 institutes 124 people

  31. HORN STUDIES First prototype ready S. Gilardoni Thanks to the CERN Workshop

  32. IONIZATION COOLING principle: reality (simplified) this will surely work..! ….maybe… • A delicate technology and integration problem Need to build a realistic prototype and verify that it works (i.e. cools a beam) Difficulties lay in particular in • operating RF cavities in Mag. Field, • interface with SC magnets and LH2 absorbers What performance can one get? Difficulty:affordable prototype of cooling section only cools beam by 10%, while standard emittance measurements barely achieve this precision. Solution: measure the beam particle-by-particle RF Noise!! state-of-the-art particle physics instrumentation will test state-of-the-art accelerator technology.

  33. Ionization Cooling - MUCOOL New MUCOOL Test Area Completed – FNAL 5T Cooling Channel Solenoid – LBNL & Open Cell NCRF Cavity operated at Lab G – FNAL 201 MHz half-shell ebeam welding of Stiffening – JLab LH2 Absorber Cryostat– KEK Thin absorber windows Tested – new technique – ICAR Universities 35

  34. MICE – The International Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment 36 Build & operate a section of a realistic cooling channel & measure its performance in a muon beam (at RAL) for various operation modes & beam conditions. Experiment is approved at RAL. (~10.-12.5 M£ earmarked in UK) under discussion with funding agencies.

  35. 10% cooling of 200 MeV/c muons requires ~ 20 MV of RF single particle measurements => measurement precision can be as good as D ( e out/e in ) = 10-3 never done before either…. Coupling Coils 1&2 Spectrometer solenoid 1 Matching coils 1&2 Matching coils 1&2 Spectrometer solenoid 2 Focus coils 1 Focus coils 2 Focus coils 3 m Beam PID TOF 0 Cherenkov TOF 1 RF cavities 1 RF cavities 2 Downstream particle ID: TOF 2 Cherenkov Calorimeter Diffusers 1&2 Liquid Hydrogen absorbers 1,2,3 Incoming muon beam Trackers 1 & 2 measurement of emittance in and out

  36. Responsibilities as proposed in the proposal (Hardware) (conditional to approval by funding agencies)

  37. Acceleration Muon Collaboration 39 Much progress in Japan with the development and demonstration of large acceptance FFAG accelerators. Latest ideas in US have lead to the invention of a new type of FFAG (so-called non-scaling FFAG) which is interesting for more than just Neutrino Factories, & may require a demonstrationexperiment (plans are developing). Perhaps US & Japanese concepts are merging to produce something better ?? New US Acceleration Scheme … still evolving

  38. Superbeam/neutrino Factory design study (sub ?) Neutrino factory The ultimate tool for neutrino oscillations SPL HIPPI Superbeam EURISOL design study (sub 2004 --successful) APEC design study (sub ?) Very large underground lab Water Cerenkov, Liq.Arg Beta beam EURISOL SPL physics workshop: 25-26-27 May 2004 at CERN  CERN SPSC Cogne meeting sept. 2004

  39. Conclusions 1. the Neutrino Factory remains the most powerful tool imagined so far to study neutrino oscillations High energy ne and net transitions 2. The complex offers many other possibilities 3. It is a step towards muon colliders 4. There are good hopes to reduce the cost significantly 5. Regional and International R&D o components and R&D experiments are being performed by an enthusiastic and motivated community 6. Opportunities exist in Europe: HI proton driver, Target experiment @ CERN Collector development @LAL-CERN MICE @ RAL

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