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HYBRID NETWORKS

HYBRID NETWORKS. Gregg Bachmeyer Integrating UMTS and Bluetooth Integrating Infrastructure-based and Infrastructure-less Networks Darien Hirotsu Integrating DTN and MANET Paradigms. By Gregg Bachmeyer for CMPE 257.

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HYBRID NETWORKS

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  1. HYBRID NETWORKS • Gregg Bachmeyer • Integrating UMTS and Bluetooth • Integrating Infrastructure-based and Infrastructure-less Networks • Darien Hirotsu • Integrating DTN and MANET Paradigms

  2. By Gregg Bachmeyer for CMPE 257 Hybrid Networks- A Hybrid Architecture Of UMTS and BlueTooth For Indoor Wireless/Mobile Communications- Towards Truly Heterogeneous Internets: Bridging Infrastructure-based and Infrastructure-less Networks - Hybrid Ethernet/IEEE 802.11 Networks for Real-Time Industrial Communications

  3. Hybrid Networks • Hybrid networks refers to any networks that contain two or more communication standards

  4. Personal Experience (2001) Compaq Presario 7240 Phonenet Appletalk 230kbs 10Base-T IEEE 802.3, 10 mbs/hd Powermac 7100 MAC SE/30 10Base-T IEEE 802.3 100mbs/fd Phoneline PPP/Slip 56kbs internet 10Base2 IEEE 802.3 10mbs/hd D-Link DE 809TC HP 9000 apollo 400

  5. Common experience (2011) Dsl box internet

  6. Why hybrid networks can be hard to deal with • Reliability • Speed • Addressing/Routing • Intent

  7. Speed differences

  8. A HYBRID ARCHITECTURE OF UMTS AND BLUETOOTH FOR INDOOR WIRELESS/MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS • T. KWON, R. KAPOOR, Y. LEE, M. GERLA • UCLA Computer Science, 3803B Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095,USA • E-mail: {tedkwon,rohitk,yenglee,gerla}@cs.ucla.edu • A. ZANELLA • Universita degli Studi de Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/A, 35131 Padova,Italia • E-mail: zanella@dei.unipd.it

  9. UTMS • Cell phone coverage • Third generation mobile communications system (3G) • In process of changing to 4g • 2 main interfaces • UMTS–FDD based on wideband–CDMA • outdoor macro–cellular or micro–cellular communication environments. • UMTS–TDD based on combination of CDMA & TDMA • indoor pico–cellular communication environments. • Allows symmetetric radio resources between uplink and downlink • Higher bit rate

  10. Bluetooth • Limited radio coverage • Referred to as scatternet or piconet Primarily related to PANs (Personal area networks) • Bluetooth operates in the 2.4GHz ISM frequency band • uses a fast frequency–hopping technique to minimize interference • range of approximately 10 meters • Supports many different addressing types

  11. Proposed Solution • using a hierarchical approach. • UMTS base station • UMTS UEs are hybrid devices that also have a Bluetooth interface • Scatternets • Don’t use 802.11b because it will cause interference with Bluetooth • 802.11 has high power requirements

  12. A Hybrid Architecture of Bluetooth and UMTS

  13. Topology of the architecture showing a 3x3 Bluetooth scatternet • 3X3 piconets • Gray lines show communication routes • possible uses • “Intelligent–Supermarket,” a central server • Library • Cafeteria

  14. Simulation Setup • GloMoSim (scalable simulation library) • Bluetooth model • Layer: Logical link control and adaptation protocol • Connection :Asynchronous Connectionless • UMTS model • turbo coding with 1/3 forward error correction (FEC) • A dynamic radio resource allocation (frame-by-frame) • Routing Protocol: AODV

  15. Network Configuration • 2 setups • Common • D represents bluetooth polling cycle • 2 hybrid devices, each of which serves 3 BT masters • Bluetooth device is connected to the UMTS BS through a hybrid device and another in which a single hybrid device may be used to connect more than one Bluetooth device to the UMTS BS • Each BT master is a slave in the piconet of the hybrid unit. • Each piconet contains 4 slaves • D represents bluetooth polling cycle • six hybrid devices and six Bluetooth devices • each hybrid device needs to service only one Bluetooth device. • bandwidth wasted for polling is not significant in this case.

  16. Underyling Protocol Issue • The paper does not cover how to do addressing so Ethernet protocol is assumed. • May need something like a protocol to traverse hybrid networks

  17. Towards Truly Heterogeneous Internets: BridgingInfrastructure-based and Infrastructure-less Networks • RaoNaveed Bin Rais • University of Nice - INRIA • Sophia Antipolis, France • Email: nbrais@sophia.inria.fr • Marc Mendonca • University of California • Santa Cruz, CA, USA • Email: msm@soe.ucsc.edu • Thierry Turletti • INRIA • Sophia Antipolis, France • Email: turletti@sophia.inria.fr • KatiaObraczka • University of California • Santa Cruz, CA, USA • Email: katia@soe.ucsc.edu

  18. Overall Issue • Original MeDeHa was only partial solution • Does not deal with infrastructures networks • Improvement is MeDeHa++ • Allow ad-hoc networks to act as gateways in, through, from networks.

  19. MeDeHa++ Framework • The MeDeHa++ framework achieves the following goals: • Seamless message delivery between two nodes irrespective of network type. • Partition mending through multihop ad-hoc (MANET) “transit networks”. • MANET routing protocol independence. This allows MANET nodes to communicate with MeDeHa++ nodes without running MeDeHa++.

  20. Expected new network combinations to support GW nodes connecting two different MANETs GW nodes connecting two different MANETs

  21. A typical example of message delivery in MANET

  22. MeDeHa++ Functional Components • Notification Protocol • Neighbor Sensing • Broadcasts Hello messages (+ status) to build routing table • Neighborhood Information exchange • Many different messages to determine the gateway and neighbors • Routing and Contact Table Management • Handles routing tables marking them as • Current neighbors • Recent neighbors • MANET neighbors • Relay Selection and Forwarding • Uses the routing table to reduce replication of messages • Interaction with MANETs • Helps in interaction with other routing protocols

  23. MeDeHa++ With Multihop Ad-hoc Networks • MANET Information Exchange • GW is detected by neighbor sensing MANET protocol • GW consults the MANET routing table to keep info current • GW keeps track of past encounters • Notifies the AP about new infrastructure nodes to forward packets to them • Has a possibility of sending a leave network packet (can this really happen?) • Gateway Discovery in MANETs • Use the connectivity info to • discover gateways • Exchange data and control information • Allows MANETs to act as “transit networks” • Direct Neighbors can use MeDaHa++ • Multihop connections can use IP encapsulation

  24. MeDeHa++ With Multihop Ad-hoc Networks (cont…) • Proactive vs. Reactive MANET Routing • GW node running AODV may not have all routing info necessary • Proactive routing will provide better routing (like OLSR – Optimized link state routing) • Message Delivery to MANETs • GW node is used to bridge the MDH nodes • GW passes information to MDH nodes with recent neighbors packet • GW nodes buffer packets to provide to the MDH nodes ( packets expire after a time) • Message Delivery across MANETs • Able to provide multihop communication between 2 GWs using MANET routing protocol as if GWs are neighbors • GWs exchange routing info with the MeDeHa++ messages • Nodes and forward and receive packets

  25. Test Setup • Simulation • NS-3 simulator • Measuring Packet delivery ratio. • Physical • Linux Implementation with netfilter • 4 Scenarios • Convention Center • Community InterConnection with MANETs • KAIST Real Mobility Traces • Hybrid Experiment Results

  26. Scenario 1: Convention Center • Convention Center • 1000x1000 meter • 60% access points • (senerio 1) 90 visitors • 20 sources +20 receivers • 30 gateways • 30 MeDeHa++ nodes • 30 non- MeDeHa++ nodes • (senerio 2) 90 visitors (social affiliation) • 3 groups of 20 affiliations • 30 non- MeDeHa++ nodes • BonnMotion mobility model • 1 hour • 2 phases • Forwarding vs. Replication • Relay Selection Strategy

  27. Scenario 1: Convention Center(cont…)Phase 1 - Forwarding vs. Replication • Increases delivery chances (90% to 97%) • Minimizes AD Forwarding vs. 2-copy Replication using ER scheme for 1st phase of scenario 1 (30 MDH, 30 GW, 30 OLSR visitors) Comparison between ER and SAR schemes using 2-copy replication for 1st phase of scenario 1 (30 MDH, 30 GW, 30 OLSR visitors)

  28. Scenario 1: Convention Center(cont…)Phase 2 - Forwarding vs. Replication • Drastic decrease in AD due to increase of participating nodes in SAR (Social Affiliation Replication) – [due to ER relay restictions] • Increase in average PDR and increase in delay when using encounter based replication Forwarding vs. 2-copy Replication using ER and SAR schemes for 2nd phase of scenario 1 (60 GW, 30 OLSR visitors) Comparison between ER and SAR schemes using 2-copy replication for 2nd phase of scenario 1 (60 GW, 30 OLSR visitors)

  29. Senerio 2 :Community Intercommunication with MANETs • 3 different communities • Areas • 600 x 600 meters • 400 x 400 meters • 20 gateways • 3 AP routers • Each community has 10 nodes (2 gateways)

  30. Senerio 2 :Community Inter-communication with MANETs (cont…) • Improves PDR slightly • Slightly increases AD Forwarding vs. 2-copy Replication using ER scheme for scenario 2 Impact of different encounter parameters on fraction of nodes while comparing forwarding and replication for scenario 2

  31. Senerio 3: KAIST Mobility Traces • Used real traces • 2 hours • 40 students • Random student movement • Achieved • Improvement in PDR • Decrease in AD • 2-copy replications perform better than 1 Forwarding vs. 2-copy Replication showing a comparison between MeDeHa and MeDeHa++ using KAIST mobility traces for 40 nodes

  32. Scenario 4: Hybrid Experiment Results • Systems • 4 laptops as wireless stations • 3 laptops as AP routers • Has NS3 simulation of 30 workstations • 2 briefcases • Used OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing ) • Outcomes • Hybrid outcome matches that of what the Simulation provided • 2-copy replications perform better than 1 Forwarding vs. 2-copy Replication comparison resulting from a hybrid scenario involving real and simulation machines

  33. Benefits • Many scenarios showed benefits in different ways including conceptually. • Networks became gateway dependent.

  34. Hybrid Ethernet/IEEE 802.11 Networks forReal-Time Industrial Communications • Stefano Vitturi • Italian National Council of Research, IEIIT–CNR, Department of Information Engineering University of Padova • Via Gradenigo 6/B 35131 – Padova (Italy) • vitturi@dei.unipd.it • Daniele Miorandi • CREATE-NET v. Solteri 38 • 38100 – Trento (Italy) • daniele.miorandi@create-net.it

  35. Using wireless in 802.11 in industrial situations • Factory automation using sensor and actuators. • There are existing protocols that are used • R-FIELDBUS (High Performance Wireless Fieldbus In Industrial Related Multi-Media Environment) • PROFIBUS DP (Decentralized Peripherals) used to operate sensors/actuators from centralized controller • UDP (User Datagram Protocol ) • DSSS(direct-sequence spread spectrum) physical layer of IEEE 802.11 • IP (Internet Protocol)

  36. Hybrid configuration for stations using the UDP based communication profile TCP - more reliable - has congestion control --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- UDP - removes the 802.1D need - can have packet lose

  37. The Ethernet PDU • Use UDP over TCP to move IP packets around. • Supportsrealtime and non-realtime traffic • Control a token at the application layer to • Assumes that Ethernet, 802.11, reduce need for TCP. • TCP congestion control may negatively effect network performance • Uses SEND and SEND WITH REPLAY (which allows confirmed transmission between the systems)

  38. Industrial importance • Cyclic & Acyclic data • Round robin scheme called Profibus DP that include priorities levels. • Queries slaves for cyclic data • Then repeats the cycle for acyclic data • Stations are passive • CSMA/CS in 802.11 limits the effect of collisions.

  39. Mean cycle time vs. number of wireless passive stations, Nwd = 10 Mean cycle time Deviation

  40. Mean alarm latency vs. number of wireless passive stations, Nwd =10.

  41. Mean cycle time vs. number of wired passive stations, Nwl = 7. Mean cycle time Deviation

  42. Mean alarm latency vs. number of wired passive stations, Nwl = 7.

  43. Author conclusions • The outcome appears to allow usage of 802.11 for sensor networks • Using IEEE 802.15.3 instead of 802.11 and a TDMA setup could allow fewer collisions. • Field buses normally do not use UDP.

  44. References • Wireless Data Demystified by John R. Vacca • A HYBRID ARCHITECTURE OF UMTS AND BLUETOOTH FOR INDOOR WIRELESS/MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS by T. KWON, R. KAPOOR, Y. LEE, M. GERLA & A. ZANELLA • Hybrid Ethernet/IEEE 802.11 Networks for Real-Time Industrial Communications by Stefano Vitturi & Daniele Miorandi • Towards Truly Heterogeneous Internets: Bridging Infrastructure-based and Infrastructure-less Networks by RaoNaveed Bin Rais, Marc Mendonca, Thierry Turletti, & KatiaObraczka

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