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Dawn H. Gouge

Health Effects of Pesticides. Dawn H. Gouge. University of Arizona. A US Geological Survey review : 96% of fish 100% of surface water 33% of major aquifers contained one or more pesticides. Gilliom et al., 2006 51 studies 1991-2001.

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Dawn H. Gouge

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  1. Health Effects of Pesticides Dawn H. Gouge University of Arizona

  2. A US Geological Survey review : 96% of fish 100% of surface water 33% of major aquifers contained one or more pesticides Gilliom et al., 200651 studies 1991-2001

  3. The human body is similarly contaminated: • Blood and urine • Average of 91 industrial compounds, pollutants and other chemicals. • A total of 167 chemicals • None worked with chemicals occupationally or lived near industrial facilities. • 17 pesticides or pesticide breakdown products, 76 were carcinogens, 94 neurotoxins, and 79 developmental or reproductive toxins. Thornton et al., 2002Mount Sinai School of Medicine 1991-2001

  4. Pesticides • Insecticides • Miticides • Fungicides • Rodenticides • Nematocides • Herbicides • Fumigants • Wood Preservatives • Growth Disrupters • Endocrine Disrupters

  5. Fact: More than 20,000 pesticide productsare currently registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: 15,000 + pesticides are produced/imported at > 10,000 pounds/year 3000 + pesticides are registered as “High-Production-Volume” chemicals: 1 million or more pounds/ year U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Fact: These 20,000+ products containmore than 900 active ingredients 2-3000 new pesticide productsare registered every year Claudio et. al

  6. Do Bugs Pester you? Safe?

  7. Chlorpyrifos (Dursban, Lorsban) End-Use Products Cancellation Order 1/02 • ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [OPP-34203J; FRL-6819-6-] Chlorpyrifos; End-Use Products Cancellation Order AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Notice.

  8. Organophosphates Carbamates Common indoor/outdoor use (agriculture, lawns, gardens, homes, baits) Common indoor/outdoor use (agriculture, lawns, gardens, homes) Malathion, Chlorpyrifos,Diazinon Aldicarb, Carbaryl Pyrethrins Organochlorines Pyrethroids Mostly banned in the U.S. but still in production for vector control globally Common indoor use (bug bombs/foggers, pet sprays) Pyrethrum,Allethrin, Permethrin DDT, Chlordane, Dieldrin Insecticides

  9. Which is the most deadly? Pop quiz

  10. For Use Around Foundations, Outside Buildings, Lawns, Woodpiles, Stored Lumber and Fence Posts MAKES UP TO274 GALLONS OF SPRAY OUTDOORUSE ONLY

  11. Homo sapiens !

  12. Homo sapiens ! Strychnine

  13. 26 4 year-olds

  14. 52 toddlers

  15. “Woman poisoned by garlic spray” Rosemary oil can cause spontaneous abortion Pesticides kill, even botanical pesticides can be toxic

  16. 10 newborn babies Born in U.S. hospitals • Analysis of cord blood samples for 413 chemicals: • pesticides • heavy metals • plastics • flame retardants • stain- and grease-proof coatings 287were isolated Average number/newborn = 200 identified chemicals Lowest = 154 Highest = 231

  17. Perfluorochemicals (Pfcs) Pentachlorinated Furan Tetra-pcb Tri-pcb Perfluorochemicals Pesticides Chlorinated Dioxins & Furans Nona-pcb Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Mono-pcb Heptachlorinated Naphthalene Trichlorinated Naphthalene Polychlorinated Biphenyls Hexachlorinated Naphthalene Pentachlorinated Dioxin Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acid Heptachlorinated Dioxin Tribrominated Diphenyl Ether Hepta-pcb Nonabrominated Diphenyl Ether Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons Dichlorinated Naphthalene Tetrabrominated Furan Heptabrominated Furan Tetrachlorinated Naphthalene Perfluorinated Sulfonate Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Octachlorinated Naphthalene Penta-pcb Deca-pcb Tetrabrominated Diphenyl Ether Pentachlorinated Naphthalene Hexachlorinated Furan Di-pcb Brominated Furans Hexabrominated Dioxin Hexachlorinated Dioxin Brominated Dioxins & Furans Dibrominated Diphenyl Ether Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Hexa-pcb Pentabrominated Furan Octachlorinated Dioxin Chlorinated Dioxins Metals (Lead, Mercury, Arsenic, Etc.) Decabrominated Diphenyl Ether Hexabrominated Furan Chlorinated Furans Monochlorinated Naphthalene Octa-pcb Brominated Dioxins Octabrominated Diphenyl Ether Polychlorinated Naphthalenes Pentabrominated Diphenyl Ether Heptachlorinated Furan Heptabrominated Diphenyl Ether Hexabrominated Diphenyl Ether

  18. Effects ofmultipleand/orcumulativeexposures to toxicants and their potentialsynergisticeffects are UNKNOWN

  19. Food

  20. Food USDA, 2004 Study: 76 jars of baby food from grocery store shelves in Denver, Philadelphia, and San Francisco were analyzed for a panel of pesticide residues: • 53% had one pesticide • 18% had two or more pesticides • Fruits had up to five different pesticides residues EWG:Pesticides in Baby Food

  21. “Organic Diets Significantly Lower Children’s Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides” Recruited 23 children, 3-11 years old from Seattle, WA, who ate exclusively conventional diets Urine samples collected for 15 consecutive days Introduced an organic diet Samples analyzed for two organophosphorus (OP) metabolites (Malathion & Chlorpyrifos) Chensheng Lu, et. al

  22. Three Phase Study Phase I:Days 1-3 Usual Conventional Diet 23/23 children had OP metabolites present OP metabolites decreased immediatelyto an undetectable level Phase II:Days 4-8 Substituted Organic Diet OP metabolites detectable immediately after reintroduction of conventional diet Phase III:Days 9-15 Resumed Conventional Diet Chensheng Lu, et. al

  23. Conclusion “Organic diet provides a dramatic and immediate protective effect against exposure to organophosphorus pesticides that are commonly used in agricultural production.” Chensheng Lu, et. al

  24. www.foodnews.org • 46 popular fruits & vegetables • Based on analysis of over100,000 tests for pesticides • Data obtained by U.S. Government Environmental Working Group

  25. www.foodnews.org

  26. Fluids Study I: Community water supplies throughout urban and rural Ohio were analyzed for pesticide contamination: • 101 of 144 communities had a minimum of five different pesticides • 121 had at least four • 137 had at least three • All had at least one EWG:Tough to Swallow Study II: The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Pesticide Data Program routinely analyzes fruit juices for pesticides and residues: • 50% of apple juice had one or more pesticide residues • 20% of grape juice had one or more pesticide residues U.S Department of Agriculture

  27. Air Study I: Vacuum cleaner dust from 15 different urban homes was analyzed for 26 different pesticides: • 15 different pesticides were found • 13/15 homes had chlorpyrifos • All homes had at least one pesticide Colt et. al. Study II: Samples of indoor air, surface wipes (floors, table tops, and window sills) and floor dust samples were collected from within 13 suburban homes both before and after lawn application of the herbicide 2,4-D.: • Before lawn application, no 2,4-D was present inside any home • After lawn application, 2,4-D was detected in indoor air and on all surfaces throughout all homes • Resuspension of floor dust was the major source of 2,4-D in indoor air Nishioka et. al.

  28. Dermal Study I: Chlorpyrifos deposits on toys and pillows were analyzed following a typical broadcast application and reentry period of 2 hours onward: • levels that could yield toxic doses to a child playing in the treated residence were detected for more than 2 weeks after application Gurunathan et. al. Study II: In a child care center that had scheduled monthly pesticide application, 9 children were studied for ‘pesticide dermal loading’ utilizing cotton body suits: • After one hour of play, all body suits contained measurable to significant levels of esfenvalerate (pyrethroid) Cohen et. al.

  29. Organophosphate pesticide exposure among 110 children age 2-5 years from 96 Seattle households was assessed by measuring urinary OP metabolites: Cohen et. al. Dermal exposure Child Care Study: In a child care center that had scheduled monthly pesticide application, 9 children were studied for ‘pesticide dermal loading’ utilizing cotton body suits: • After one hour of play, all body suits contained measurable to significant levels of esfenvalerate (pyrethroid) Urine At least one OP metabolite was measured in 99% of the children The two predominant metabolites (DETP&DMTP) were measured in 75% of the children Lu, et. al.

  30. ‘Latency’ & Disease… Certain diseases, such as cancer, have long latency periods The earlier the exposure, the earlier the latency period begins: Children have more time to develop environmentally-triggered diseases with long latency periods Mount Sinai School of Medicine

  31. Some reasons for concern… Animal Exposure Studies Research with rats suggest that: Exposure to neurotoxins at levels commonly found in the environment affect the developing brain Fetal and neonatal brain are more sensitive than adult brain to neurotoxins at levels commonly found in the environment Bearer Adult Exposure Studies Neuropsychological testing with farm workers suggest that: Clinically silent exposures lead to subtle latent deficits Clinically evident exposures lead to residual neuropsychological deficits at least a year after Fenske, et. al.

  32. Autism Spectrum Disorder Hypospadias BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS CONGENITAL DEFECTS Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Brain Testicular CANCER ASTHMA Leukemia Lymphoma Mount Sinai School of Medicine

  33. The National Academy of Sciences 1993 landmark report Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children estimates that 50% of lifetime pesticide exposure occurs during the first five years of life…

  34. CHILDREN ARE NOT LITTLE ADULTS… Children are still 1) Growing& 2)Developing Greater Metabolic Demands Behavior Differences Anatomic & Physiological Differences

  35. GREATER EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES! Metabolic Differences: Diet & Dietary Requirements are Greater Per Unit of Body Weight: Children eat more food than an adult A newborn requires about 140 kcal/kg/day An adult man requires about 43 kcal/kg/day A 1 year old infant consumes three times as many calories per unit of body weight than an adult.

  36. GREATEREXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES! X 30 !!! Metabolic Differences: Fluid Requirements are Greater Per Unit of Body Weight: Children drink more fluids than adults The average newborn consumes about 5 oz of breast milk or formula per kilogram of body weight. For the average adult male, this is equivalent to drinking 30 12 oz. cans of soda per day!

  37. > Newborn: 60 breaths/ min. Child 1-4 years old: 35 breaths/ min. > Adult: 20 breaths/ min. > A newborn’s minute ventilation is approximately 400mL/min/kg An adult’s minute ventilation is approximately 150mL/min/kg GREATER EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES! The breathing zone for a child depends on their height and mobility… Metabolic Differences: Oxygen Requirements are Greater Per Unit of Body Weight: Children breath more air than adults Children also breath different air than adults! The breathing zone for an adult is typically 4 to 6 feet above the floor

  38. GREATER EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES! Anatomy & Physiology Differences: Distribution & Clearance of Toxins are Different Children have: Higher proportion of Total Body Water/kg Less body fat/kg Higher circulating levels of lipophylic pesticides Renal clearance varies by age May lead to higher levels of toxins or their metabolites

  39. Anatomy & Physiology Differences: Distribution & Clearance of Toxins are Different Organs & tissues (including the central nervous system, kidneys, liver, lungs, eyes, reproductive system) continue to differentiate and mature throughout infancy, childhood, and, in some cases, adolescence… Differentiating tissues are often the MOST susceptible to toxic insult

  40. Example: The Developing Brain… Neuronal development, migration, and myelination occur rapidly during the first 2 years of life The blood-brain barrier is ‘leaky’, allowing chemicals access to the brain The brain continues to markedly develop and grow throughout childhood and adolescence Bearer Claudio, et. al. Disruption of this process can have profound effectson essential elements of development

  41. Most insecticides function as neurotoxins… Organophosphates Carbamates DISRUPT NERVE TRANSMISSION Pyrethrins Pyrethroids Organochlorines

  42. Organophosphate & Carbamate Toxicity SLUDGE Syndrome: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Diarrhea, GI upset, Emesis

  43. Asthma is the most common chronic illness in children • 4.8 million kids - U.S. • 1 in 8 school aged - Arizona • Most exacerbations are due to environmental triggers

  44. Asthma incidence, and asthma-associated morbidity is increasing in inner city children in the U.S. Associated with cockroach allergen sensitivity and exposure (Gruchella et al., 2005), as well as exposure to pesticides (Salam et al., 2004).

  45. 1 in 6 kids in the US has a recognized developmental disability • Learning disability • Emotional challenges • Behavioral disorder • Both pest related (especially cockroach and mouse) allergens and chemical neurotoxins (some pesticides) aggravate problems.

  46. July, 2002

  47. Environmental Scientists and Physicians Endorsing the New York Times Ads Philip J. Landrigan, MD, MScChair, Department of Community and Preventive MedicineDirector, Center for Children's Health and the EnvironmentMount Sinai School of MedicineMichael McCally, MD, PhDDepartment of Public Health and Preventive MedicineOregon Health and Sciences UniversityHerbert J. Needleman, MDLead Research GroupUniversity of PittsburghCynthia F. Bearer, MD, PhDCase Western Reserve UniversityDirector, Neonatology Training Program, University Hospitals of ClevelandCarolyn BrickeyExecutive Director, National Campaign for Pesticide Policy ReformIrena Buka, MB,ChB, FRCP(C)Child Health Clinic Misericordia Hospital David Carpenter, MDDean, School of Public HealthState University of New YorkEric Chivian, MDDirector, Center for Health and the Global EnvironmentHarvard Medical SchoolDavid Christiani, MD, MPH, MSProfessor of Occupational Medicine and EpidemiologyHarvard Medical SchoolDirector, Occupational Medicine Section Ellen Crain, MD, PhDVice-Chair, Department of PediatricsJacobi Medical Center Peyton Eggleston, MDProfessor of PediatricsJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineCathey Falvo, MD, MPHProgram Director, International and Public HealthNew York Medical College Erica Frank, MD, MPHDirector, Preventive Medicine ResidencyDepartment of Family and Preventive MedicineEmory University School of MedicineHoward Frumkin, MDChair, Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthEmory University School of Public HealthBenjamin Gitterman, MDDirector, Mid-Atlantic Center for Children's Health and the EnvironmentChair, Community Pediatrics, Children's National Medical CenterLynn R. Goldman, MD, FAAPProfessor of Environmental Health Science The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthTee L. Guidotti, MD, MPHProfessor of Occupational and Environmental MedicineThe George Washington University Medical CenterIan Holzman, MDProfessor of PediatricsMount Sinai School of Medicine

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