Lying

1. Unit 3 Lying

2. Understand the main idea and structure of the text; Master the writing skills in expository writing---how to use division, classification and definition in this category; Master the key language points and grammatical structures in the text and the exercises; Go through the exercises of reading, writing, listening and speaking . Objectives After Studying the unit, the student should be able to:

3. Time allotment

4. 1. Topic: Lying • What is a white lie? • What is the best thing to do when one is expected to comment on something that is not so good? • Have you ever lied to anyone? If so, what kind of lie do you usually lie? • Which is better, to lie or not to lie? Tell both benefits and ill consequences that lying might bring about. • What do you know about the Watergate?

5. 2. Find some difficult sentences in the text and tell how you understand them. • 3. Work out a word map concerning “lying”. (in .doc or .ppt)

6. Pre-reading tasks Questions • Have you ever told lies? Why/Why not? • What do you think of telling white lies? (called social lies in the text) • What are the four kinds of lies mentioned in the passage? • What’s the attitude of the author towards telling the lies? What’s your attitude then?

7. 1) Preface & Title: The author raises a lot of questions about lying in the prefatory paragraph and comes to the conclusion that the truth about lying is “not quite as straightforward as one might suppose”. She thinks it “very difficult” to do the writing on the subject (Line 2) and she can’t “present any ultimate conclusions” (Line 5). But why do you think the author still engages herself in the writing of the passage? While-reading tasks

8. 2) Structure & Main idea: Part One (Para 1): Why the writer finds it difficult to write on the subject of lying and how she is going to deal with the difficulty in composing the essay. While-reading tasks ---Beginning: a series of moral puzzles concerned with lying author’s view about the puzzles

9. 2) Structure & Main idea: Part Two (Paras 2-36): The writer discusses four types of lies and tells us what she thinks about each of them. While-reading tasks ---Development: classification (types)  examples (each category)  definitions (four)  opinion (of the author) examples (each category)

10. 2) Structure & Main idea: Part Three (Paras 37-42):: How the writer feels we should cope with the question of whether or not to lie. While-reading tasks ---Conclusions: for both kinds (those with no talent for lying and those good at telling lies)  view of the author the truth’s always better(L 126)

11. 3) Writing techniques: The author works with division and classification in writing while lies are arranged into the distinct categories. Quite a few examples are cited to support he classification under each category so as to encourage the reader to come to the conclusion of his own. A number of questions (some are parallel) are asked throughout the passage to capture the reader’s attention, to arouse his interest, to guide him to further reflection and to motivate him to form the judgment of his own. While-reading tasks

12. Examples Do you agree? (Line 8) What about you? (L15) Will you say … (L16~L18) Will you praise…? (L19) Will you decline…? (L20~L22) What about you? (L45~L46) Do you, when… (L47~L48) Do you, when… (L49~L50) Do you, when… (L51~L52) What about you? (P72, P92, P117, P130)

13. Points to Practice 1. generalize: make general statements without reference to details e.g. • This report generalizes about the sales strategies of the company in its first part. • You can safely generalize the conclusion from all those facts.

14. 2. Irritate: make angry or annoyed e.g. • The professor was irritated immediately by their suspicions about his kindness to the poor children. • His abrupt manner irritated nearly everyone at present. 3. straightforward: simple, expressed or understood in a direct way e.g. • Why not take this topic for you term-paper? It’s really straightforward. • The straightforward stories are adapted for those under 6 years old.

15. 4. intrigue: arouse interest or curiosity of e.g. • The magician did so wonderfully that the audience had been intrigued by his performance/the whole morning. • The newly-released bulletin intrigued many speculators in this trade. 5. arrogant:unpleasantly self-important e.g. • An arrogant man as he is, there is hardly any chance that others will get along with him. • The impatient boy declared his resignation in an arrogant tone.

16. 6. assail : cause (sb.) to experience unpleasant thoughts or feelings e.g. • As soon as he put forward his opposition at the meeting, he was assailed with numerous questions by the debaters. • In the novel, the hero had been assailed by fear, anxiety, pain, despair, resentment and hatred. 7. what about :what is the news or position or your opinion of e.g. • What about the English test? Has it been cancelled? • “What about cutting down your drinking if you couldn't stop it?” the doctor asked.

17. 8. Proclaim : announce (esp. sth. positive) publicly or officially e.g. • The military force proclaimed that they could be responsible for the bombing downtown. • The government proclaimed stock exchange to be lawful and an essential part, in social economy. 9. for the most part :on the whole, mostly e.g. • The vocabulary exercise is not so difficult as expected for the most part . • For the most part, he learned to play the saxophone for pleasure .

18. 10. eloquent : expressing or showing (sth.) very strongly though without words; able to make good speeches that influence the hearers e.g. • The unfortunate occurrence was an eloquent proof of the ineffective management system . • Because of his eloquent plea, the accused was announced guiltless by the jury . 11. indulge :allow (oneself or sb. else) to have too much of sth. enjoyable indulge in: take pleasure freely in e.g. • The Kents attached great important to the cultivation of the young and never indulge any of their children or grandchildren. • No one can be in the mood to learn more if he indulges in cards, games or the like .

19. 12. go along : act in cooperation or express agreement (followed by with) e.g. • Although his proposal was not turned down, none would go along with it . • I’ve never thought of going along with such a ridiculous point as everyone is entitled to try anything in any way . 13. disapprove of :have or express an unfavourable opinion about e.g. • The doctor disapprovedof any smoking and drinking as he was out of condition at the moment. • Nearly half of the Board disapproved of the plan, but nothing better has come up .

20. 14. dodge : avoid by a trick or in some dishonest way e.g. • I didn’t mean to dodge the difficulties but first demanded a logical explanation for your behavior. • Children should be taught how to deal with common emergencies and to dodge unexpected blows in the pre-school stage . 15. be/get caught in :get in the middle of unexpectedly, be trapped in e.g. • The rescue squad got caught in the heavy snow as they set out for the flooded area . • It’s very likely that one will be caught in a thunderstorm late in the afternoon of this season.

21. 16. be in the mood to do sth. : be inclined to do sth. e.g. • Having reached his goal, he found himself , not at all, in the mood to do anything more. • If you can learn to be in the right mood, you will certainly benefit a lot. 17. assert :defend or maintain (one's rights, etc.) e.g. • The suspect asserted his right to defend himself in court. • She asserted her narrative of the happenings to be true.

22. 18. absurd : ridiculous, stupid e.g. • How can you come to such an absurd conclusion as all the lies are acceptable . • The timid boy found himself absurd when he was at a loss on the platform. 19. intimacy :the state of being intimate (followed by with / between) e.g. • Intimacy between the head of a department with his assistant is not desirable in most cases . • What do you think of his intimacy with all his patients?

23. 20. protective: sheltering, concerned for the safety of sb. e.g. • The government has adopted some protective measures to lower the crime rate. • The protective tariff on cars is to be done away with before long. 21. marital :of or relating to marriage e.g. • Each applicant is required to fill out a form, giving his personal information such as name, age, educational background, working experience, marital status, etc. • Marital relations tend to be affected by political, social and economic factors of the time .

24. 22. manipulate : manage (a person, situation, etc.) to one's own advantage manipulation: the act of manipulating or condition of being manipulated e.g. • No one could possibly believe the official had to resign and would be changed with market manipulation . • Manipulating the finances of a company is regarded as illegal in an audit . 23. juggle :deal with (several things) at once, esp. with ingenuity; keep (several objects) in the air at the same time by throwing them up quickly and catching them again e.g. • All the children were amazed to see her juggling plates and bowls . • To make matters worse, he began to addict himself to gambling by juggling with cards in addition to the passion for computer games.

25. 24. concede : acknowledge reluctantly as being true, just, or proper e.g. • Many children concede that they have lied mostly for escaping punishment from adults . • “Many errors in judgement are caused by irresponsibility rather than inability of the staff,” the headmaster conceded. 25. call on sb. to do sth. :request or require sb. to do sth. e.g. • The public has been called on to fight against waste . • The authorities called on the departments concerned to takecharge of the development of the research .

26. 26. adamant : (of a person or behavior) hard, immovable, and unyielding e.g. • They have always regarded the adamant man as a true friend of integrity and fairness . • She complained that she’d been given too much work and was adamant that she need two more weeks to finish it . 27. sticky :painful or difficult; adhesive e.g. • It’s really dangerous driving so fast on the sticky road. • Her knowledge and experience would make her get over any sticky situation.

27. 28. contradictory : involving, causing, or constituting a contradiction e.g. • During the past ten years, there have been contradictory ideas about the rights and duties of the governor . • His remarks seemed contradictory so that we didn't go along . 29. give away :reveal, disc1ose; betray e.g. • You shouldn't have given away the secret . • The wordy style of the passage gave herself away as a native speaker.

28. 30. be stuck with : be burdened with something and unable to get rid of it e.g. • He was not interested in the program, but he got stuck with it and tried his best to complement it. 31. resort :a person or thing that one goes or turns to for help as a last resort: if all other ways fail e.g. • As soon as he was told the disease was incurable, the patient resorted to Chinese traditional medicine . • As he couldn't track down the reference books he needed in the library, he had to turn to his tutor as a last resort .

29. 1. The story of Ruth has aroused interest or curiosity of readers for different reasons for so many years. 2. The fact is convincing that the recent increase in atmospheric CO2 is well documented. 3. The young girl kept a diary of life during her first year of junior high school, and in it she wrote as if corresponding with close and familiar though imaginary friends. (has intrigued) (eloquent ) (an intimate)

30. 4. Dr. Smith wanted me to do a more intensive study, to count the cells and cell types, but I didn’t feel like doing that. 5. It would be difficult to describe the subtle brotherhood of man established there, and easy to be trapped in racial conflicts in the region, an anthropologist said. (was not in the mood to do ) (be caught in)

31. 6. It is very expensive proposition to keep teenagers amused these days, and at present they can come here free, where it is safe and warm. 7. He promised not to betray a friend’s secret, I still believe there are times when he must nonetheless break his promise. 8. Key intelligence used to justify war in Iraq may have been wrong, US Secretary of State Colin Powell has acknowledged reluctantly as being true. (for now ) (give away ) (conceded )

32. 9. Teaching, on the whole, is an exhausting but rewarding profession. 10. Most scientists now proclaim that the greenhouse gases trap heat into the atmosphere, which increase the earth’s surface temperature. 11. He didn’t understand why he was engrossed in such a wild and visionary idea at that moment, yet the illusion was at last dispelled. ( for the most part) (assert ) (indulged in)

33. 12. Some writers seem to try to present themselves as fair-minded in spite of their clear positions and plain language. 13. Paul had slept very little, and felt uncomfortable and irritated by anxiety and concern about the days to come. 14. People are taken in easily although we insist that we are aware that the media is under control. (straightforward) (assailed by) (of the manipulation of the media)

34. 15. Travel agencies say that tourists are bored with the same kind of hotel in the same kind of place of interest and now looking for more adventurous destinations. 16. It is a general belief that the government will take some desperate measures to moderate the stock exchange. (resort) (rationalize)

35. 17. I’m sure freshman classes will continue to captivate us older people and to infuriate us at others. 18. I ____ of the argument that homelessness is exclusively a social problem, a system failure. 19. His teachers were in despair, voicing the feeling of them all when he declared he had done something already. (at times) (disapprove) (illegal )

36. 20. Although the efforts are not yet strikingly in everyday life, to deal with the problem, the present generation might have to make sacrifices for the next. 21. He couldn’t find a satisfactory answer to the question — why should millions be spent daily on the war and yet there’s not a penny for medical services or for poor people? 22. It is said that shopping was once done of necessity; _______ we go shopping for entertainment to see new things advertised in the television commercials and to mingle with people. (noticeable) (acceptable) (nonetheless)

37. 23. Modern thinkers who have studied myths and fairy tales from a philosophical or psychological viewpoint will not ______ such an absurd idea, regardless of their original persuasion. 24. The member states of the organization have in recent years adopted or considered a series of policies which _______ require for their implementation and amendment of its policies. 25. A white lie is not considered as a kind of deception in its own right ______ harmlessness and triviality. (back up) (initially) (on the grounds of)

38. 26. “I believe it more constructive to weigh the pros and cons before we take any action. _______” 27. It is notoriously difficult to discuss the delicate issues presented here without awkwardness or ______. 28. The dying scientist was ________ something in German, a language that his nurse did not understand. (What about you?) (embarrassment) (muttering)

39. 29. _____, reading can broaden your horizons and improve your comprehension as well. 30. The lecturer at the end of his speech the geographic economic similarities and differences of the two neighboring countries. 31. No one would think it ________ to get caught in such a shower while hurrying home. (In general) (generalized about) (romantic)

40. Writing Assignment Directions:For this part, you are required to write a composition of no less than 150 words on the topic “Lies and Honesty ” It should be finished no more than 30 minutes. The composition must be based on the following outline given in Chinese. • 有些人认为凡撒谎的人都不诚实； • 有些人则不以为然； • 我的看法。