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1. OSI MODEL A brief presentation by Mahendra Subedi

2. OSI MODEL OSI stands for Open System Interconnection is a reference model that describes how information from a ● software application in one computer moves through a physical medium to the software application in another computer. OSI consists of seven layers, and each layer performs a particular network function. ● OSI model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984, and it is now ● considered as an architectural model for the inter-computer communications. OSI model divides the whole task into seven smaller and manageable tasks. Each layer is assigned a particular ● task. Each layer is self-contained, so that task assigned to each layer can be performed independently. ●

3. LAYER OF OSI MODEL There are the seven OSI layers. Each layer has different function. A list of seven layer are given below. 1. 2. Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

4. How to Memories 7 Layers “All People Seems To Need Data Progress” Just took the first alphabet in the word in given sentence All - Application Layer People - Presentation Layer Seems - Session Layer To - Transport Layer Need - Network Layer Data - Data Link Layer Progress - Physical Layer

5. Application Layer Functions of Application layer:1. Network Virtual Terminal An application layer serves as a window for users and application processes to access network service. It handles issues such as network transparency, resource allocation, etc. 2. FTAM-File transfer access and management An application layer is not an application, but it performs the application layer functions. 3. Mail Services 4. Directory Services This layer provides the network services to the end-users.

6. Presentation Layer Presentation layer is also called the Translation layer.The data from the application layer is extracted here and manipulated as per the required format to transmit over the network. Functions of Presentation layer: Translation: The processes in two systems exchange the information in the form of character ● strings, numbers and so on. Different computers use different encoding methods, the presentation layer handles the interoperability between the different encoding methods. It converts the data from sender-dependent format into a common format and changes the common format into receiver-dependent format at the receiving end. Encryption: Encryption is needed to maintain privacy. Encryption is a process of converting ● the sender-transmitted information into another form and sends the resulting message over the network. Compression: Data compression is a process of compressing the data, i.e., it reduces the ● number of bits to be transmitted. Data compression is very important in multimedia such as text, audio, video.

7. Session Layer This layer is responsible for establishment of connection, maintenance of sessions, authentication and also ensures security. The functions of the session layer are : Session establishment, maintenance and termination: The layer allows the two processes to establish, use and terminate a connection. Synchronization : This layer allows a process to add checkpoints which are considered as synchronization points into the data. These synchronization point help to identify the error so that the data is re- synchronized properly, and ends of the messages are not cut prematurely and data loss is avoided. Dialog Controller : The session layer allows two systems to start communication with each other in half-duplex or full- duplex. 1. 2. 3.

8. Transport Layer Transport layer provides services to application layer and takes services from network layer. The data in the transport layer is referred to as Segments. It is responsible for the End to End Delivery of the complete message. The transport layer also provides the acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and re-transmits the data if an error is found. •At sender’s side: Transport layer receives the formatted data from the upper layers, performs Segmentation and also implements Flow & Error control to ensure proper data transmission. It also adds Source and Destination port number in its header and forwards the segmented data to the Network Layer. •At receiver’s side: Transport Layer reads the port number from its header and forwards the Data which it has received to the respective application. It also performs sequencing and reassembling of the segmented data.

9. Transport Layer The functions of the transport layer are : Segmentation and Reassembly: This layer accepts the message from the (session) layer , breaks the message into smaller units . Each of the segment produced has a header associated with it. The transport layer at the destination station reassembles the message Service Point Addressing: In order to deliver the message to correct process, transport layer header includes a type of address called service point address or port address. Thus by specifying this address, transport layer makes sure that the message is delivered to the correct process

10. Network Layer Network layer works for the transmission of data from one host to the other located in different networks. It also takes care of packet routing i.e. selection of the shortest path to transmit the packet, from the number of routes available. The sender & receiver’s IP address are placed in the header by the network layer. The functions of the Network layer are : Routing: The network layer protocols determine which route is suitable from source to destination. This function of network layer is known as routing. Logical Addressing: In order to identify each device on internetwork uniquely, network layer defines an addressing scheme. The sender & receiver’s IP address are placed in the header by network layer. Such an address distinguishes each device uniquely and universally.

11. Data Link Layer The data link layer is responsible for the node to node delivery of the message. The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is error-free from one node to another, over the physical layer. When a packet arrives in a network, it is the responsibility of DLL to transmit it to the Host using its MAC address. Logical Link Control Layer ● It is responsible for transferring the packets to the Network layer ○ of the receiver that is receiving. It identifies the address of the network layer protocol from the ○ header. Data Link Layer is divided into two sub layers : It also provides flow control. ○ Media Access Control Layer ● 1. Logical Link Control (LLC) A Media access control layer is a link between the Logical Link ○ 2. Media Access Control (MAC) Control layer and the network's physical layer. It is used for transferring the packets over the network. ○

12. Data Link Layer Framing: The data link layer translates the physical raw bit stream into packets known as Frames. The Data ● link layer adds the header and trailer to the frame. The header which is added to the frame contains the hardware destination and source address. Physical Addressing: The Data link layer adds a header to the frame that contains a destination address. The ● frame is transmitted to the destination address mentioned in the header. Flow Control: Flow control is the main functionality of the Data-link layer. It is the technique through which ● the constant data rate is maintained on both the sides so that no data get corrupted. It ensures that the transmitting station such as a server with higher processing speed does not exceed the receiving station, with lower processing speed. Error Control: Error control is achieved by adding a calculated value CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) that is ● placed to the Data link layer's trailer which is added to the message frame before it is sent to the physical layer. If any error seems to occurr, then the receiver sends the acknowledgment for the retransmission of the corrupted frames. Access Control: When two or more devices are connected to the same communication channel, then the data ● link layer protocols are used to determine which device has control over the link at a given time.

13. Physical Layer The main functionality of the physical layer is to transmit the individual bits from one node to another node. It is the lowest layer of the OSI model. It establishes, maintains and deactivates the physical connection. It specifies the mechanical, electrical and procedural network interface specifications. Functions of a Physical layer: Line Configuration: It defines the way how two or more devices can be connected physically. ● Data Transmission: It defines the transmission mode whether it is simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex mode ● between the two devices on the network. Topology: It defines the way how network devices are arranged. ● Signals: It determines the type of the signal used for transmitting the information. ●

14. THANK YOU Mahendra Subedi