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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

This article explores key milestones in nuclear chemistry, starting with Henri Becquerel's 1896 discovery of natural radioactivity. It highlights Marie Curie's groundbreaking work alongside her husband, Pierre Curie, and the tragic impact of radiation exposure on their lives. The piece also discusses Ernest Rutherford's contributions to our understanding of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Additionally, the article covers fundamental concepts such as nuclear fission, fusion, and the stability of nuclides based on neutron-to-proton ratios, emphasizing the importance of these discoveries in modern science.

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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

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  1. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

  2. FYI: Historical Perspective • Henri Becquerel • 1896 - Discovers natural radioactivity

  3. FYI: Historical Perspective • Marie Sklodowska, Polish chemist marries Pierre Curie, French physicist • Marie died from leukemia caused by her exposure to radiation • Pierre was killed while crossing the street when he was hit by a vegetable wagon.

  4. FYI: Historical Perspective • Earnest Rutherford • 1899 – Discovers alpha, beta and gamma radiation

  5. Nuclear Reactions • Involve changes in the composition of nuclei • Accompanied by the release of tremendous amounts of energy

  6. Nuclear Fission • The splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei

  7. Nuclear Fusion • The combination of light nuclei to produce a heavier nucleus

  8. Nuclides • Different atomic forms of all elements • Most small nuclides have equal # of protons and neutrons • Some nuclides have “magic #’s” of protons and neutrons and are especially stable

  9. The neutron-to-proton ratio determines the stability of the nucleus • For low atomic #’s: • Equal #’s of protons and neutrons • Above atomic #20: • More neutrons than protons

  10. Nuclei whose neutron-to-proton ratio is unstable undergo radioactive decay by emitting 1 or more particles and/or electromagnetic rays:

  11. Nuclei whose neutron-to-proton ratio is unstable undergo radioactive decay by emitting 1 or more particles and/or electromagnetic rays: helium nucleus 4.0026 2+ low electron 0.00055 1- low-med high energy radiation 0 0 high proton, H nucleus 1.0073 1+ low-med neutron 1.0087 0 very high

  12. Comparing penetrating ability…

  13. Alpha Particle Decay • Example 1: Radium-226 transmutates by alpha decay. Write the nuclear equation that represents this process. or

  14. + + Beta Particle Decay • Example 2: Write the nuclear equation for the beta-decay of boron-12. or

  15. Gamma Radiation • Example 3: Write the nuclear equation representing gamma radiation given off by the unstable radionuclide cobalt-60.

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