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Homeostasis

Homeostasis. I. __________________- Maintaining a relatively stable condition inside the body despite changes in the external environment. A. Examples of factors that must be maintained via homeostasis 1. ___________________ 2. ___________________ 3. ___________________

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Homeostasis

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  1. Homeostasis I. __________________- Maintaining a relatively stable condition inside the body despite changes in the external environment. A. Examples of factors that must be maintained via homeostasis 1. ___________________ 2. ___________________ 3. ___________________ 4. ___________________ temperature Water levels Glucose levels Oxygen levels

  2. Feedback system Receptor nerves Control Center nerves hormones B. Control of Homeostasis 1. Uses a __________________________. a. ________________- detects changes (many times this is ____________ that detect the change) b. ___________________- receives the input from the receptor and sends a signal via ______________ or __________________.

  3. effector c. ________________ - gets the signal from the control center & causes a change to maintain homeostasis.

  4. Negative Feedback Loop Blood vessels 2. Two types of feedback system: a. ____________________________- reverses the original change and returns the system to normal. i. EXAMPLE - Blood Pressure 1. receptor- nerves in the ________________ detect a rise in blood pressure

  5. brain Heart 2. the _________________ acts as the control center and receives the signal 3. The _______________ is the effector that decreases the heart rate which decreases the blood pressure.

  6. CONTROL CENTER = Brain sends nerve impulses to heart muscle to SLOW DOWN EFFECTOR= Heart Muscles decrease heart rate which decreases blood pressure RECEPTOR = Nerve endings detect increased Blood Pressure

  7. Positive Feedback Loop Stretch receptors cervix b. _____________________________- intensifies the original change and makes the “situation” even MORE intense. THERE ARE FEW OF THESE THAT CAN HAVE GOOD OUTCOMES. i. EXAMPLE – Uterine contractions during childbirth 1. receptor – ___________________in the ____________sends a signal to brain

  8. The brain oxytocin Uterus EVEN MORE! 2. control center - _________________ releases the hormone_________________ which travels to the uterus 3. Effector - ________________ contracts more which pushes the cervix, causing it to stretch _______________. (and the contractions INTENSIFY!)

  9. is characterized by reflexes with neural input and hormonal output. • Homeostasis (receptor) http://wps.aw.com/bc_goodenough_boh_4/177/45510/11650614.cw/index.html http://wps.aw.com/bc_goodenough_boh_4/177/45510/11650614.cw/index.html

  10. High heat capacity heat temperature 3. How does water play a role the homeostasis of body temperature? a. Water has a _____________________ _________________ - it can help the body absorb A LOT of __________ without changing the body’s _______________.

  11. High heat of vaporization Cooling sweat b. Water has a ______________________ ______________- it absorbs A LOT of heat when it changes from a liquid to a gas, which creates a ___________________ effect when we ________________.

  12. Disease or disorder 4. Two possible results from homeostasis IMBALANCE a. __________________________ - moderate disruption of homeostasis b. _________________________- severe disruption of homeostasis Death

  13. general term used to describe a disruption 5. Distinguishing disease from disorder a. Disorder - ______________________________ ___________________ of human anatomy and physiology b. _____________- a more specific term used for an illness characterized by specific signs and symptoms i. __________- visible features that can be seen by the medical personal. (Example – vomiting, bleeding, swelling, rash, etc) Disease Signs

  14. Symptoms ii. ____________________- changes and experiences that can only be felt by the patient. (Example - headache, nausea, aches, pain, etc)

  15. Local Ex - pneumonia 6. Types of diseases a. _______________ - affects one part of the body or a limited area of the body b. _______________- affects the entire body c. _______________ - caused by pathogens (bacteria, viral, fungal) that invade the body. Systemic Ex – Rheumatoid Arthritis Infectious Ex – H1N1 flu virus

  16. Congenital Ex - Hemophilia Metabolic Ex – Diabetes d. _______________ - genetic (you are born with it) e. _______________ - affects hormones and disrupts metabolism f. ________________ - abnormal cell division NOTE – a disease could fall into two or more of these categories. Neoplastic Ex – cancer (spreading  malignant) wart or fatty tumor (not spreading  benign) Ex- AIDS is both infectious & systemic; Diabetes is metabolic and systemic

  17. Pathology Epidemiology Pharmacology 7. Branches of Medicine Relating To Diseases a. _________________ - study of diseases, including causes and signs and symptoms they create. b. _____________________- the study of why, when and how diseases are spread in communities. c. ______________________ - the study of uses of drugs in the treatment of diseases

  18. II. Animal Cell & Membrane Transport A. Anatomy of the Animal Cell

  19. Plasma Membrane

  20. Ribosomes Plasma Membrane

  21. Ribosomes Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm

  22. Ribosomes Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Mito- chondria

  23. Ribosomes Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Mito- chondria Lysosomes

  24. Ribosomes Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Mito- chondria Lysosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

  25. Ribosomes Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Mito- chondria Lysosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Peroxisomes

  26. Ribosomes Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Mito- chondria Golgi Complex Lysosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Peroxisomes

  27. Ribosomes Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Mito- chondria Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Complex Lysosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Peroxisomes

  28. Ribosomes Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleolus Mito- chondria Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Complex Lysosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Peroxisomes

  29. Ribosomes Plasma Membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Nucleolus Mito- chondria Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Complex Lysosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Peroxisomes

  30. contains cell’s DNA & acts as the control center produces the parts necessary to make the ribosomes produces ATP for cell via cellular respiration B. Physiology of Animal Cell Organelles 1. nucleus - ________________________ _________________________________ 2. nucleolus - ________________________ __________________________________ 3. mitochondria - ____________________ __________________________________

  31. modifies proteins made by the ER to make macromolecules (glycoproteins or lipoproteins) used in catabolism, destroys old organelles & can destroy the entire cell transports proteins made by the ribosomes to the Golgi complex 4. Golgi apparatus (complex) - ____________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ 5. Lysosomes - ___________________________ _______________________________________ 6. Rough ER - _____________________________ ________________________________________

  32. makes lipids & fatty acids, stores & breaks down toxins (alcohol, drugs, pesticides, etc) catabolizes amino acids & fatty acids, oxidizes toxic substances controls passage of substances in & out of cell & is involved in communication btwn cells Two types: Free- produce proteins used by cell; Bound (to Rough ER)-produce proteins that will be secreted by the cell 7. Smooth ER - __________________________ ______________________________________ 8. Peroxisomes - _________________________ ______________________________________ 9. Plasma Membrane - ___________________ ______________________________________ 10. Ribosomes - _________________________ _____________________________________

  33. C. Anatomy of Cell Membrane Phospho- Lipid bilayer

  34. Phospho- Lipid bilayer Phosphate heads

  35. Fatty acid tails Phospho- Lipid bilayer v v Phosphate heads

  36. Fatty acid tails Phospho- Lipid bilayer v v Phosphate heads Integral protein

  37. Peripheral Protein Fatty acid tails Phospholipid bilayer v v Phosphate heads Integral protein

  38. hydrophilic (“water-loving”) and POLAR. hydrophobic (“water-fearing”) and NONPOLAR. D. Physiology of the Cell Membrane 1. phosphate “head” - _______________ _________________________________ 2. fatty acid “tail” - __________________ _________________________________

  39. WATER Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail WATER

  40. Helps transport materials that cannot pass membrane by themselves like: Ions (ex - Na+, Cl-) Polar molecules (ex –water) Medium sized molecules (ex- glucose) 3. Integral Protein (“Transport Protein”) - ____________________________________________________________________________ a. _____________________________ b. ____________________________ c. _____________________________

  41. used as: Receptors Enzymes Cell Surface Marker 4. Peripheral Protein - ___________________ a. _________________- receives signal molecules (like hormones) from other cells b. __________________- to control chemical reactions in the cell. c. ________________________- informs other cells which type it is.

  42. Intracellular Fluid E. Description of Fluids in Relation to Cell Membrane 1. __________________________- fluids inside the cell (also called cytosol)

  43. Extracellular Fluid Interstitial fluid plasma lymph 2. __________________________ - fluids outside of the cell. There are three types: a. _______________________ - fluid between cells (not in any vessels). b. _____________ - fluid inside blood vessels c. _____________ - fluids inside lymph vessels

  44. Impermeable Permeable F. Membrane Permeability & Concentration Gradient 1. Types of Permeability: a. ____________________- will not allow the substance to go through. b. ___________________- will allow substances to go through.

  45. Semipermeable c. ____________________- will allow some substances to go through, but not all. (The cell membrane is SEMIPERMEABLE!)

  46. Concentration Gradient High Low Moving from high to low concentration 2. _________________________- a difference in concentration between two areas. a. molecules normally move from ________ to __________ concentration due to random movement of molecules. b. Moving Down the Concentration Gradient = ______________________ ________________________________.

  47. Active Transport low high against G. Types of Transport Across the Cell Membrane 1. __________________- requires energy (ATP) because it is moving materials from _______ concentration to _________ concentration as they pass the cell membrane. (ex- Na+, K+ pump). This is called moving ______________ the concentration gradient.

  48. Passive Transport low high down 2. ___________________ - does NOT require energy because its moving materials from ________ concentration to _________ concentration as they pass the cell membrane. This is called moving ____________ the concentration gradient.

  49. Diffusion a. Types of passive transport in the cell i. ____________________- movement of molecules from high to low concentration due to random molecule movement.

  50. Fig. 7-11a Molecules of dye Membrane (cross section) WATER Equilibrium Net diffusion Net diffusion (a) Diffusion of one solute

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