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SELVTEST I STOFSKIFTEPLAKATEN

SELVTEST I STOFSKIFTEPLAKATEN. PART I: LOKALISERING. Vitamin B12. Biotin. Lipoat. TPP (Thiamin Pyrophosphat). FAD. Vitamin C. PLP (Pyridoxalphosphat). THF → C 1 THF reaktioner. C 1 THF → THF reaktioner. NADP + → NADPH. x 2. NADPH → NADP +. CO 2 forbrug. CO 2 dannet. Glycin.

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SELVTEST I STOFSKIFTEPLAKATEN

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  1. SELVTEST I STOFSKIFTEPLAKATEN

  2. PART I: LOKALISERING

  3. Vitamin B12

  4. Biotin

  5. Lipoat

  6. TPP (Thiamin Pyrophosphat)

  7. FAD

  8. Vitamin C

  9. PLP (Pyridoxalphosphat)

  10. THF → C1THF reaktioner

  11. C1THF → THF reaktioner

  12. NADP+ →NADPH

  13. x 2 NADPH → NADP+

  14. CO2forbrug

  15. CO2dannet

  16. Glycin

  17. Mitochondrielle enzymer

  18. ER reaktioner

  19. + skeletmusklutaur + nyre og tarm + nyre + til dels i andre væv + mælkekirtler Enzymer der primært eller kun findes i leveren

  20. erythrocytter milt Enzymer der ikke findes i leveren

  21. PART II: SPECIFIKKE ENZYMER

  22. 1) Glucokinase / Hexokinase 2) ATP → ADP 3) Glucokinase stimuleres af insulin (syntese) 4) Km forskellig 1) Isomerase 1) Aldolase 4) Fra hexosephosphat (6C) til 2 x triosephosphat (3C) 1) PFK 2) ATP → ADP 3) aktiverer: F26-PP (insulin), AMP, ADP hæmmer: F6P (glukagon), citrat, ATP 1) Mutase 4) Kun i lever og skeletmuskulatur 1) Glykogen synthase 2) Glcn + UDP-G → glcn+1 + UDP 3) Aktiverer (til a): Insulin (dephos) Hæmmer (til b): Glukagon (phos) Inducerer b: G6P 1) DH 2) Pi + NAD ↔ NADH 4) Phosphorylering uden ATP 1) kinase 2) ATP ↔ ADP 1) isomerase 1) enloase 2) 2PG ↔ PEP + H20 1) PK 2) PEP + ADP ↔ Pyruvat + ATP 3) Aktiverer: F1,6P (pos. forward), insulin (dephos + syntese) Hæmmer: glukagon (phos + syntese), alanin 1) LDH 2) Pyruvat + NADH ↔ Laktat + NAD 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet Klik her for at springe over Glykolyse

  23. 1) Fructokinase 2) ATP → ADP 4) Primært i lever, nyre og tarm. Lavere Km end glucokinase 1) Aldolase B 1) Triokinase 2) ATP → ADP 1) Isomerase 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet Klik her for at springe over Fructose metabolisme

  24. 1) Glucose phosphatase 2) → Pi 3) Aktiverer: Glukagon (syntese), G6P (pos. feedforward) 4) Kun i lever og nyre 1) F1,6 bisphosphatase 2) → Pi 3) Aktiverer: Glukagon (÷ F2,6-PP og syntese), ATP, Citrat Hæmmer: AMP/ADP 1) Glykogen phosphorylase 2) Glcn + Pi→ G1P 3) Aktiverer (til a): Glukagon (phos), AMP (muskel) Hæmmer (til b): Insulin (dephos) Inducerer b: AMP (i muskel) Hæmmer a: frit glucose (i lever) 4) a og b form 1) PEP carboxykinase 2) GTP → GDP 3) Aktiverer: Glukagon (syntese) 4) Mitochondriel. 1) Pyruvat carboxylase 2) ATP + CO2 → ADP 3) Aktiverer: Glukagon (syntese) 4) Mitochondriel. Cofaktor Biotin 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet Klik her for at springe over Gluconeogenese

  25. 1) PDH 2) Pyruvat + NAD → Acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2 3) Aktivering: Insulin (dephos) Hæmmer: Glukagon (phos) 4) Mitochondrielt. Cofaktorer: FAD, lipoat, TPP 1) Glycerol 3P acyl transferase 3) Aktiverer: Insulin! (lever) 1) DH 3) DHAP + NADH ↔ Glycerol-3P + NAD 4) Fedtvæv 1) Glycerolkinase 3) ATP → ADP 4) Lever 1) Fedtsyresynthase kompleks 2) Per cyklus: 2 NADPH → 2 NADP + H2O 3) Aktiverer: Insulin! 1) Malat DH 2) Oxaloacetat + NADH → malat + NAD 3) Aktiverer: Insulin! 1) Malatenzymet 2) NADP → NADPH 3) Aktiverer: Insulin! 4) Leverer 1 NADPH til fedtsyresyntesen (PPP den anden) 1) ATP citrat lyase 2) ATP → ADP + Pi 3) Aktiverer: Insulin! 1) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2) ATP + CO2→ ADP + Pi 3) Aktiverer: Insulin (dephosphorylering) 4) Cofaktor: biotin 1) Citrat syntase 4) Mitochondriel (Citrat diff til cytosol) 1) Reductase 2) NADPH → NADP 3) Aktiverer: Insulin (dephos) Hæmmer: frit cholesterol 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet Klik her for at springe over Lipogenese (velnæret)

  26. 1) Hormonsensitiv lipase 2) 3 H2O → 3) Aktivering: Adrenalin (dephos), fravær af insulin (÷phos) 4) Fedtvæv 1) Medieres af carnitin-palmitoyl transferase 3) Aktiverer: Glukagon (syntese) Hæmmer: frit malonyl-CoA 4) Transport til mitochondrierne 1) DH 2) FAD → FADH2 4) Mitochondrie 1) Hydratase 2) H2O → 4) Mitochondrie 1) DH 2) NAD → NADH 4) Mitochondrie 1) Thiolase 4) Mitochondrie 1) Thiolase 4) Mitochondrie 1) Synthase 4) Mitochondrie 1) Transferase (acetoacetat succinyl-CoA CoA-transferase) 2) HMG-CoA + succinyl-CoA → acetoacetyl-CoA + succinat 4) Mitochondrie. Ekstrahepatisk 1) Lyase 2) → Acetyl-CoA 4) Mitochondrie 1) DH 2) Acetoacetat + NADH ↔ βHB + NAD 4) Mitochondrie 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet Klik her for at springe over Lipolyse og ketogenese (faste)

  27. 1) Carbamoyl-P synthetase 2) 2ATP → 2 ADP + Pi 3) hæmmer: H+ (mere glutamin fra periportale hepatocytter = pH regulation) 4) Leverens mitochondrier 1) Arginase 2) H2O → 4) Leveren (cytosol) 1) Lyase 4) Leveren (cytosol) 1) Synthetase 2) ATP → AMP + PPi 4) Leveren (cytosol). Ekstra N tilføres 1) Transcarbamoylase 4) Leverens mitochondrier 3N 1N 0N 1N 2N 4N 2N 4N 0N 1) DH 2) NADH ell. NADPH ↔NAD ell. NADP 1) Forsk. transaminaser 2) AS ↔ α-ketosyre + NH4+ 4) Cofaktor: PLP 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet Klik her for at springe over Nitrogenkredsløbet

  28. 1) Hydroxymethyltransferase 2) Serin + THF ↔ Glycin + C1THF 4) Cofaktor: PLP 1) Kløvningsreaktion! 2) Glycin + THF + NAD ↔ C1THF + NADH + NH4+ 1) Dehydratase 1) Alanin transaminase 4) Cofaktor: PLP 1) Glutamat dehydrogenase eller transaminering 4) Cofaktor: PLP hvis transaminering 1) Aspartat transaminase 4) Cofaktor: PLP 1) Asparagin synthethase 2) ATP+ NH4+ → AMP + PPi 1) Asparaginase 2) H2O→ NH4+ 1) Glutaminase 2) H2O → NH4+ 1) Glutamin synthethase 2) ATP+ NH4+ → ADP + Pi 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet Klik her for at springe over Non-essentielle glucogene aminosyrer

  29. 2) → CH4 4) Indgår i methyleringsreaktioner (grøn markering) 2) ATP → PPi + Pi 2) H2O→ Adenosin 2) C1THF → THF 4) Cofaktorer: B12. 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet Klik her for at springe over SAM cyklus

  30. 1) Ribonucleotid reductase 2) Ribonucleosid-PP + NADPH → Deoxyribonucleosid + NADP+ 3) Alle hæmmes af dATP 1) PRPP amidotransferase 2) H2O + glutamin → PPi + glutamat 3) Hæmmes af IMP, AMP og GMP 1) DH (oxidativ vej) 2) NAD → NADH 3) Insulin stimulerer 1) PRPP syntethase 2) ATP→ AMP 1) Transketolase og transaldolase (non-oxidativ vej) 3) Insulin uafhængige 4) Cofaktor for transketolase: TPP 1) APRT 2) PRPP→ PP 3) Hæmmes af AMP 4) Salvage pathway 1) Carbamoyl-P Synthethase II 2) Glutamin + 2ATP → glutamat + 2ADP + Pi 3) Hæmmes af CTP 4) Cytoplasmatisk (smlg. urea syntese) 1) HGPRT 2) PRPP→ PP 3) Hæmmes af IMP og GMP 4) Salvage pathway 1) HGPRT 2) PRPP→ PP 3) Hæmmes af IMP og GMP 4) Salvage pathway 1) Oxidase 2) H20 + O2→ H2O2 4) Coenzym: FAD 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet Klik her for at springe over Nucleotidsyntese

  31. 1) ALA synthase 3) Hæmmer: Frit Hæm 4) Mitochondrier i Hæmsyntetiserende organer 1) Oxygenase 2) NADPH + 2O2 → NADP + CO + H2O 4) Miltens ER. Eneste CO reaktion i kroppen! 1) Reductase 2) NADPH → NADP 4) Milten 1) Synthase + cosynthase 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet Klik her for at springe over Hæm metabolisme

  32. PART III: HALVKVÆDET VISE OM HORMONEL REGULERING

  33. Glykogen synthase: dephosphorylering Glucokinase: øget syntese PFK: F2,6-PP G6P DH: ? mekanisme (NADPH til lipogenese) PK: dephosphorylering + F1,6-PP Fedtsyresynthase kompleks: ? mekanisme Pyruvat DH (mit): dephosphorylering ATP Citrat lyase (cyt): ? mekanisme Acetyl-CoA carboxylase: dephospforylering HMG-CoA reductase: Dephospforylering Klik her for at springe over Insulinstimulerede enzymer i lever

  34. Glykogen synthase: dephosphorylering GLUT4: transport af carrier til plasmamembran PFK: ? mekanisme Klik her for at springe over Insulinstimulerede enzymer i skeletmuskulatur

  35. LPL: ? mekanisme (ekstracellulært) GLUT4: transport af carrier til plasmamembran G6P DH: ukendt regulering PFK: ? mekanisme X X Glycerol 3P acyl transferase: ? mekanimse (intracellulært) Pyruvat DH (mit): dephosphorylering X X Klik her for at springe over Insulinstimulerede enzymer i fedtvæv

  36. Glykogen phosphorylase: phosphorylering G6 phosphatase: øget syntese F1,6-bisphosphatase: fravær af F2,6-PP FFA til β oxidation fås fra fedtvæv (÷insulin → ÷ hæmning af hormonsensitiv lipase).  leveren er velnæret! PEP carboxykinase: øget syntese Pyruvat carboxylase: acetyl-CoA (allosterisk). Carnitin palmitoyl-CoA transferase: ÷ malonyl-CoA og øget syntese Klik her for at springe over Glukagonstimulerde enzymer i leveren

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