Immunisation
Immunisation. 1796. If you understand basic immunology you can explain. How vaccines work and why vaccine failures occur Adverse events and their timing Why the schedule is as it is Why vaccines cannot overload the immune system. Physical barriers. Skin – 2 m²
Immunisation
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Presentation Transcript
If you understand basic immunology you can explain... • How vaccines work and why vaccine failures occur • Adverse events and their timing • Why the schedule is as it is • Why vaccines cannot overload the immune system
Physical barriers • Skin – 2 m² • Mucosal membranes – digestive, respiratory, reproductive tract – 400 m²
Innate immunity • Phagocytosis • Macrophage - WBC • Rapid action 0-4 hours • Non-specific – same response each time • No memory – same response at each encounter • May destruct the antigen
Adaptive immunity • Second level of defence • Effectiveness increases with each encounter • Specific immune response
Types of (adaptive) immunity • Active Immunity • Passive Immunity
Passive Immunity • Transfer of maternal antibodies • Administration of antibodies
Active Immunity • Antibodies produced in response to an infection • Antibodies produced in response to a vaccination
Types of antibody • IgG – the only type that crosses the placenta (after 32 weeks) • IgA – in breast milk – gives some mucosal protection • IgE – over production associated with anaphylaxis • Also IgM – maybe further reading!
Active versus passive immunity • ACTIVE • Long lasting • Takes time to be effective • PASSIVE • Only short term • Immediate protection
Vaccination schedule 2014 Meningococcal type C booster from Sept 2013 (13-15 yrs)
Contraindications • Immunosuppression & treatment • Some steroid use • Unstable neurological condition • Previous anaphylactic reaction • Care with live vaccines • Pyrexia • Acute illness • Side effects??
Vaccine trials • Pre-clinical laboratory based work • Phase I – (small scale – adults) • Phase II – (population specific) • Phase III – (100s-1000s participants) • Phase IV vaccines – MHRA reporting
Getting to the schedule • Researchand development • JCVI • Recommendations to DH • Cost and feasibility studies • Supply and delivery • Awareness and training issues
References/further reading • Immunisation against infectious disease (Green Book) [online] https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/public-health-england/series/immunisation-against-infectious-disease-the-green-book • Health Protection Agency website http://www.hpa.org.uk/HPAwebHome
