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The Process of Photosynthesis

Learn about the two primary sets of reactions involved in photosynthesis: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. Discover how energy from sunlight is used to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen, and how ATP and NADPH are used to synthesize high-energy sugars. Explore the factors that affect photosynthesis, such as temperature, light intensity, and water availability.

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The Process of Photosynthesis

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  1. The Process of Photosynthesis

  2. Learning Objectives • Explain what happens during the light-dependent reactions. • Explain what happens during the light-independent reactions. • Identify the factors that affect photosynthesis.

  3. Two Sets of Reactions Photosynthesis involves two primary sets of reactions: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.

  4. Light-Dependent Reactions Light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. Thylakoid

  5. Thylakoid Thylakoids contain clusters of chlorophyll and proteins known as photosystems.

  6. Light-Dependent Reactions Use energy from sunlight to produce oxygen Convert ADP and NADP+ into energy carriers ATP and NADPH hydrogen ion movement / ATP formation photosystem I photosystem II electron transport chain

  7. Photosystem II Absorbs light energy and produces high-energy electrons Splits water molecules, releasing H+ ions and oxygen

  8. Electron Transport Chain A series of electron carrier proteins shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions.

  9. Photosystem I Electrons are reenergized Second electron transport chain transfers electrons to NADP+, producing NADPH

  10. Hydrogen Ion Movement/ATP Formation The difference in both charge and H+ ion concentration across the membrane provides the energy to make ATP.

  11. Light-Dependent Reactions Summary The light-dependent reactions produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH.

  12. Light-Independent Reactions ATP and NADPH are used to synthesize high-energy sugars.

  13. Carbon Dioxide Enters the Cycle Six carbon dioxide molecules from atmosphere combine with six 5-carbon molecules Produces 12 3-carbon compounds.

  14. Sugar Production Energy from ATP and high-energy electrons from NADPH are used to convert the 3-carbon molecules to higher-energy forms.

  15. Light-Independent Reactions Summary

  16. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Important factors that affect photosynthesis include temperature, light intensity, and availability of water. Some plants have adapted to extremely bright, hot conditions: C4 plants and CAM plants.

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