How Can Silver Assay Help in Rapid Diagnostic Test

1. How Can Silver Assay Help in a Rapid Diagnostic Test? Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are among the most intriguing nanomaterials in biomedicine because of their unique physicochemical properties. AgNPs' cutting- edge developments in synthesis methods, medical applications, and biosafety are the result of contemporary discoveries in medical science. Chemical, physical, or biological mechanisms can all be used to produce AgNPs. However, they are also used as biosensors, vaccine adjuvants, anti-diabetic medicines, and in the promotion of bone and wound healing. AgNPs are largely used in antibacterial and anticancer treatment. This paper also provides a summary of the biological mechanisms through which AgNPs work, with a particular emphasis on the release of silver ions (Ag+), the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the disruption of membrane structure. It is hypothesised that the following phenomena cause the antimicrobial effects of nanosilver-based systems, even though the precise silver assay is still unknown: microbial membrane damage, which is caused by AgNPs' physicochemically guided connection to the surface of the cell and the subsequent functional and structural changes (such as the formation of gaps, membrane instability in the region, membrane pricking, and cytoplasm leakage); and miRNA production. How it helps in rapid diagnosis ●AgNPs' anticancer effects have recently drawn a lot of interest. Prostate cancer, glioma, colorectal adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, cervical cancer, and breast cancer are only a few of the tumours that AgNPs are successful against, both in vitro and in vivo 21–23. The size, shape, and surface charge of AgNPs are inherent properties that affect their anticancer efficacy 24–26. In general, biological activity rises as particle size decreases. ●Regarding the effectiveness of AgNPs in fighting cancer, numerous silver tests have been proposed. AgNPs can cause apoptosis or necrosis by impairing the ultrastructure of cancer cells, generating ROS and DNA damage, inactivating enzymes, and managing signalling cascade 27–29. Additionally, by inhibiting angiogenesis, AgNPs can stop tumour cell invasion and metastasis 30-32. Due to the enhanced permeability and

2. retention (EPR) effect, tumour cells preferentially absorb NP-sized bodies compared to normal tissues 33, 34. While the tumour's poor lymphatic drainage allows nanoparticles to remain and penetrate 35, this may enhance AgNPs' capacity to deliver particular medicines. Further investigation into the anticancer mechanisms of AgNPs is essential for the creation of inexpensive, dependable, and comprehensive anticancer medications. ●Silver nanoparticles are constantly being explored as nanostructures for amazing and enhanced rapid diagnosis tests because of their alluring size- related physicochemical characteristics and biological functioning, such as their powerful antibacterial efficiency and non-toxic makeup. A wide number of options for the surface chemistry of silver nanoparticles are now available thanks to the surface area of nanosilver, which enables the interaction of several ligands. ●Tests look at the toxicity, inflammatory reaction, and cellular recovery following AgNP exposure in skin models. The design of tests to validate the retention of antibacterial activity and particle-specific effects allowed us to realistically evaluate the best candidate materials for coating agents on their physicochemical criteria. ●Hyperglycemia is a characteristic of metabolic illnesses known as diabetes mellitus (DM). DM results from either inadequate insulin secretion or cellular insulin resistance. Frequently prescribed hypoglycemic drugs can reduce blood sugar by enhancing insulin secretion or raising cell sensitivity 300. Recent research has shown that silver assays to produce AgNps by plant extracts have antidiabetic potential. Solanum nigrum leaf extract was used to create AgNPs, and their anti-hyperglycemic effects were tested in rats that had been given alloxan to make them diabetic. They discovered that administering AgNPs to diabetic rats for 14 or 21 days reduced their blood glucose levels without experiencing any appreciable acute damage. Additionally, they examined AgNPs' glucose tolerance in diabetic rats. The AgPlus Diagnostics platform uses its own portable Agilis Reader, a silver assay test cartridge, and point-of-care testing to deliver rapid, quantitative

3. diagnostic results. Our tests are made to be two-step, single-use procedures that just require the addition of the sample to the cartridge.