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Exploring Species Constraints and Language Learning: The Critical Period Hypothesis

This compilation delves into the intricate interplay between species constraints, unconstrained learning, and the timing of language acquisition. Key studies, including findings by Konrad Lorenz and Noam Chomsky, highlight the significant impact of age on language proficiency and the critical period hypothesis. Various figures illustrate the decline in second language learning capabilities with age, supported by data from immigrant populations. This research underlines the essential phases in learning, particularly as it relates to timing and species-specific characteristics.

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Exploring Species Constraints and Language Learning: The Critical Period Hypothesis

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  1. Species Constraints Unconstrained Learning Domain Constraints Timing Constraints

  2. Species Constraints Unconstrained Learning Domain Constraints Timing Constraints

  3. Taste Aversion

  4. Konrad Lorenz

  5. Species Constraints Unconstrained Learning Domain Constraints Timing Constraints

  6. Categorical Speech Perception

  7. Noam Chomsky

  8. John is easy to please. John is eager to please.

  9. John is easy to please. John is eager to please. It is easy to please John. *It is eager to please John.

  10. (1) Who do you want to see? • (2) Who do you want to feed the dog? • (3) Who do you wanna see? • (4) *Who do you wanna feed the dog?

  11. (1) Who do you want to see? • (2) Who do you want to feed the dog? • (3) Who do you wanna see? • (4) *Who do you wanna feed the dog? • (5)You want to see who? • (6)You want who to feed the dog?

  12. (1) Who do you want to see? • (2) Who do you want to feed the dog? • (3) Who do you wanna see? • (4) *Who do you wanna feed the dog? • (5)You want to see who? • (6)You want who to feed the dog? • (7)Whoi do you want to see ti? • (8)Whoi do you want ti to feed the dog?

  13. Species Constraints Unconstrained Learning Domain Constraints Timing Constraints

  14. Figure 2. Some theoretical predictions of the critical period hypothesis showing disruption at predicted end of the critical period. (a) (b)

  15. Critical Period in Second Language Learning?

  16. Figure 1. Re-analysis of Johnson and Newport study showing discontinuity at age 20, and continued decline in adult subjects. Reported in Bialystok & Hakuta, 1994. r=-.87 r=-.49

  17. Figure 3. Self-reported English proficiency for U.S. immigrants as a function of age of arrival. Data from 1990 Census. Analysis reported in Bialystok & Hakuta, 1999. Chinese Spanish

  18. Figure 4. Comparison of performance on selected English grammatical structures in adult and child learners. Source: Bailey, Madden & Krashen, 1974, Language Learning.

  19. Figure 5. English proficiency development in immigrant students from a Northern California school district, separated by poverty level in schools. This is a cross-sectional sample, but all subjects included in this analysis were enrolled in this school district since Kindergarten.

  20. Figure 6. Self-reported English proficiency for native Chinese immigrants as a function of age of arrival, separated by educational attainment. Data from 1990 Census. Analysis reported in Bialystok & Hakuta, 1999. 5 4 English Proficiency 3 Some College 2 HS Graduate Some HS <8 yrs school <5 yrs school 1 0 20 40 60 80 Age of Immigration

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