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The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution. Libertyville HS. Ind. Rev. in England (18 th C.). Industrial rev. triggered by changes in agriculture Consolidation: wealthy landowners buying land up to make large estates Enclosures: small sections of large fields used to develop new ideas

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The Industrial Revolution

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  1. The Industrial Revolution Libertyville HS

  2. Ind. Rev. in England (18th C.) • Industrial rev. triggered by changes in agriculture • Consolidation: wealthy landowners buying land up to make large estates • Enclosures: small sections of large fields used to develop new ideas • Led to efficiencies, new tech • Developments • Seed drill (JethroTull) • Crop rotation

  3. Roots of Industrialization • What is industrialization? • Process of developing machine production of goods • Industrialization roots were in England • Why England? • Ample Factors of Production • Land • Labor • Capital • Presence of entrepreneurs

  4. English Roots of Industrialization • Why England? • Expanding economy (lots of banks, sophisticated methods of lending) • “Protestant work ethic” (hard work, success = virtues) • Form of government (200+ years of liberty, freedom) • Climate of progress (England a dynamic, open society vs. rest of Europe / Russia)

  5. Industrial Advancements • Textile industry first to industrialize (machines replaced muscle power) • Flying shuttle (1733) • Spinning jenny (1764) • Steam engine (1765) • Spinning mule(1779) • Power loom (1787) • Cotton Gin (1793) • New techniques • Old technique: piece work • Factory: place where bulky, expensive machinery – and workers – were brought together SJ: process thread Weavers wove faster Cotton Gin Steam engine

  6. Transportation Advancements Erie Canal: 363 miles long! • On water • Steam engine used to propel boats (Steam ship & paddle wheel boat) • Man made canals connected regions otherwise not fed with rivers • Why was river / canal trade better than overland trade?

  7. Transportation Advancements • On Land • Macadam road • Large rocks on top of smoothed gravel • Easier travel, better drainage • Allowed travel during rainy seasons • Steam engine led to railroads • First RR engine = 1804 • First RR line (1821) transported coal to port city • Liverpool to Manchester line (1830): 24 MPH train!

  8. Transportation Developments • Effects of Railroads • Spurred economic growth (cheap way to transport goods) • Created thousands of jobs • Coal mining • Iron smelting • Shipping • Boosted agriculture • Made migration to cities easier • Killed canal industry

  9. Industrial Rev. on Continent • Belgium (ca. 1800) • First country to adopt industrial processes from UK • Already had canals, raw materials (textile industry) • Employed skilled British workers • Built machinery, steam engines, railroads

  10. Industrial Rev. on Continent • Germany (ca. 1835) • Imported British ideas, engineers & equipment • German children were sent to UK schools, to learn about industrialization • Germany first RRs were built connecting raw materials to manufacturing centers • Helped Germany’s rise to power

  11. Industrial Rev. on Continent • Regional spread of industrialization to rest of Europe • Parts of Spain • Parts of Italy • Parts of Russia • Generally into cities near rivers (why?) • France industrialized after 1830 (what slowed it down?) • Government sponsored dev. of RR after 1850 • How was that different than UK?

  12. Impact of Industrialization • Global inequality • Growing gap between industrialized, non-industrialized nations • Outside of Europe / America, no industrialization

  13. Impact of Industrialization • Economic & Social Inequality • Owners of factories got rich • Workers had hard, dangerous life • Imperialism • Result of industrialization • Need for raw materials • Where to get them from? • Need for vast markets to sell finished (manufactured) goods • where to sell them? • Industrialized nations took lands of non industrialized countries for raw materials, markets • Even more power to industrialized nations

  14. Impact of Industrialization • Economic power was concentrated in the hands of Europe and America • Asian & African economies based on agriculture and small work shops; no match for industrialized Europe

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