Cultural Congruity, Cultural Identity and Migration

1. Cultural Congruity, Cultural Identity and Migration Professor Dinesh Bhugra Professor of Mental Health and Cultural Diversity Section of Cultural Psychiatry Institute of Psychiatry Kings College London

2. Migration and Schizophrenia Migrant: Someone who changes their place of residence for any purpose or for any period of time Legal classification Characteristics of migration Motivation of migration

3. Migration and Schizophrenia ACROSS COUNTRIES IN COUNRTRY (RURAL ? URBAN; URBAN ?)

4. Migration and Schizophrenia OCCUPATIONAL MIGRATION Anthropology Diplomacy Higher Education Journalism Military Service Missionaries Sales People Seasonal Migratory Work

5. Migration and Schizophrenia DEMOGRAPHICS OF MIGRANTS Age Gender Primary Education Voluntariness Duration

6. Migration and Schizophrenia MIGRATION REASONS Political - Exiles - Refugees Economic - Single - Business Transient - Permanent - Group Social - Students - Stars

7. UK African Caribbean Immigrants and UK Natives Incidence Rates per 1000 for Schizophrenia

9. Cochrane and Bal (1987) Rates of admission for schizophrenia in the UK are higher for the Irish, Indian Pakistani, and Caribbean born, compared to the native. In general the foreign born have rates of admission (except for Pakistani women) which are higher. Pakistani women are said to drop out of formal mental health system.

11. Additional Hypotheses Ethnic Density Concepts of Self Achievement � Aspiration Cultural Congruity

13. Identity Totality of one�s self-construal in which how one construes one�s self in the present expresses the continuity between how one construes oneself as one was in the past and how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future

15. Identities: studied by using Knowledge of collective behaviours Child-rearing systems Collective adult phenomena, eg political behaviours Institutional practices Religious Ideas Systems

16. Individualism: Refers to society where the ties between individuals are loose and everyone is expected to look after himself/herself and their immediate family Collectivism: People from birth onwards are integrated into strong cohesive in groups which throughout their lifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty

17. Individualism: I-ness. I consciousness, autonomy, emotional independence, individual initiative right to privacy, pleasure seeking, financial security, need for specific friendship Collectivism: We-ness. We consciousness, collective identity, emotional interdependence, group solidarity, sharing duties and obligations, need for stable and predetermined friendships, group decisions Hofstede 1980, 1984

18. Individualism: Liberalism Rational individuals/personal choices Discreet, autonomous, self-sufficient and respectful to the rights of others Abstract, universal, role confined by achievement Equality, equity, non-interference and detachability

19. Collectivism: Traditionalism Common good/social harmony Individuals bound by relationships Others put first before themselves Concession/compromise Justice and institutions are seen as an extension of the family Paternalism and legal moralism I am kind. I think�us. My family expect me to be kind

20. Collectivism as Concern Consideration of implications of one�s own decisions Sharing of material resources Sharing of nonmaterial resources Susceptibility to social influences Self-presentation and face work Sharing of outcomes Feeling of involvement in others� lives

21. Individualism: Related to high levels of GNP High levels of crime, suicide, divorce, child abuse, emotional stress and physical and mental illness Having substantial levels of migration, most social, and geographical mobility

29. Model of Vulnerability Individual Biopsychological Vulnerability