Quaternary Environments Ecosystem Pattern and Process Conservation Issues

1. Quaternary EnvironmentsEcosystem Pattern and ProcessConservation Issues

2. Patterns on the Landscape • Patterns of vegetation distribution • Scale Issues • Modern Issues • Fragmentation • Barriers to migration • Barriers to propagation

3. Patterns on the Landscape

6. World Population Fig. 1-1 p. 2

9. Human Disturbance Arctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle Predominantly natural Partially disturbed Human dominated

10. North America by Night

11. Food Webs • Trophic Levels • Food Chains • Food Webs

12. Human Blue whale Sperm whale Killer whale Elephant seal Crabeater seal Leopard seal Emperor penguin Adélie penguins Petrel Squid Fish Carnivorous plankton Herbivorous zooplankton Krill Phytoplankton Food Web

13. Food Chain

14. Metallic wood- boring beetle and larvae Metallic wood-boring beetle and Mountain winterberry Mountain winterberry May beetle May beetle Long-tailed weasel Long-tailed weasel Deciduous Forest Animals Broad-winged hawk Producer to primary consumer Hairy woodpecker Primary to secondary consumer Gray squirrel White oak Secondary to higher-level consumer White-footed mouse White-tailed deer All producers and consumers to decomposers Shagbark hickory Racer Fungi Wood frog Bacteria

15. The Demise of Bison 1500 1850 1870 1880 1906

16. Losses from disturbed watershed 11 9 7 Concentration (mg/liter -1) Time of deforestation 5 Losses from undisturbed watershed 3 1 0 J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M 1965 1966 1967 1968 Effects of Experimental Logging on Nitrate Levels (Hubbard-Brook Experimental Forest)

17. Atmospheric CO2 for the Past 150,000 Years

19. Gross Primary Productivity

21. Preserve Boundaries

22. Public Lands

23. Grizzly bear NORTH AMERICA St. Lawrence beluga whale Eastern cougar Humpback whale More than 60% of the Pacific Northwest coastal forest has been cut down Spotted owl Fish catch in the north-west Atlantic has fallen 42% since its peak in 1973 Black- footed ferret 40% of North America’s range and cropland has lost productivity Florida panther Chesapeake Bay is overfished and polluted California condor Manatee Kemp’s ridley turtle Much of Everglades National Park has dried out and lost 90% of its wading birds Hawaiian monk seal Golden toad Coral reef destruction Half of the forest in Honduras and Nicaragua has disappeared Every year 14,000 square kilometers of rain forest is destroyed in the Amazon Basin Columbia has lost one-third of its forest Mangroves cleared in Equador for shrimp ponds Black lion tamarin PACIFIC OCEAN SOUTH AMERICA Little of Brazil’s Atlantic forest remains ATLANTIC OCEAN Southern Chile’s rain forest is threatened Natural Resource Depletion; Americans Environmental degradation Vanishing biodiversity Endangered species 6.0 or more children per woman

24. Natural Resource Depletion; Old World Many parts of former Soviet Union are polluted with industrial and radio- active waste ASIA Poland is one of the world’s most polluted countries Central Asia from the Middle East to China has lost 72% of range and cropland Giant panda Imperial eagle EUROPE Japanese timber imports are responsible for much of the world’s tropical deforestation Area of Aral Sea has Shrunk 46% Snow leopard Mediterranean 640,000 square kilometers south of the Sahara have turned to desert since 1940 Saudi Arabia Deforestation in the Himalaya causes flooding in Bangladesh Asian elephant Liberia Oman Kouprey Eritrea AFRICA Mali Yemen 90% of the coral reefs are threatened in the Philippines. All virgin forest will be gone by 2010 India and Sri Lanka have almost no rain forest left Burkina Faso Niger Benin Ethiopia Chad Golden tamarin Sierra Leone Nigeria Togo Congo Rwanda Burundi Uganda Sao Tome Somalia In peninsular Malaysia almost all forests have been cut 68% of the Congo’s rain forest is slated for cleaning Queen Alexandra’s Birdwing butterfly Angola Indonesia’s coral reefs are threatened and mangrove forests have been cut in half Zambia Nail-tailed wallaby INDIAN OCEAN Aye-aye Fish catches in Southeast Atlantic have dropped by more than 50% since 1973 AUSTALIA Black rhinoceros Madagascar has lost 66% of its tropical forest Much of Australia’s range and cropland have turned to desert Blue whale A thinning of the ozone layer occurs over Antarctica during summer ANTARCTICA

26. Ecological Pyramids

27. Primary Productivity of Ecosystems • Gross primary productivity (GPP) • Net primary productivity (NPP)

28. Community Structure: Appearance and Species Diversity • Stratification • Species diversity • Species abundance • Niche structure • Edge effects

29. Primary Succession

30. Secondary Succession